Miguel Sicart, "Playing Software: Homo Ludens in Computational Culture" (MIT Press, 2023)

Mar 2, 2026

Miguel Sicart, professor and head of the Center for Digital Play at the IT University of Copenhagen, studies play theory, ethics of games, and design. He explores play as the core of how we interact with software. Short takes cover software agency, play’s cultural and political effects, gamification as exploitation, and how generative AI reshapes digital play.

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ANECDOTE

Daily Ritual With Slay The Spire

Miguel Sicart plays Slay the Spire daily since March 2020 as a ritual and go-to game.
He also fondly preserves over 100 Nintendo DS games and two consoles, citing the DS as foundational for his tastes.

question_answer

ANECDOTE

Santa Cruz Year Shaped Playful Perspective

Miguel Sicart recounts a formative year in Santa Cruz where fun and weather shaped his appreciation of play and Silicon Valley's hedonistic culture.
He links Santa Cruz's vibe to nearby Silicon Valley's 'weaponized hedonism'.

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INSIGHT

Make Believe Outweighs Competition Online

Make-believe and mimicry matter more than agonistic competition in digital play.
Sicart provocatively claims mimicry drives online worldbuilding and identity work, making classic agonistic play secondary.

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Miguel Sicart: background and research focus

01:33 • 3min

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Why rename the center to Digital Play

04:51 • 4min

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Favorite games and platforms

09:10 • 4min

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Preface: learning to appreciate fun in California

13:21 • 6min

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Provocation: hoping to spark disagreement

19:10 • 8min

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Key premises: information age and play

Entanglement: play shapes software agency

31:04 • 3min

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Universities, ChatGPT and the play of ideas

34:30 • 4min

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Lugones' world traveling applied to software

38:33 • 8min

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When play becomes exploitative

46:55 • 4min

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Metagaming and video games as software

51:04 • 3min

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Future work and generative AI implications

54:13 • 3min

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What Miguel will play next

57:29 • 2min

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Closing remarks and Copenhagen invitation

The ethics of computer games

Miguel Sicart

Miguel Sicart's 'The Ethics of Computer Games' examines ethical dimensions in videogame design and play, exploring how games mediate moral choices and shape players' ethical understanding. The book investigates responsibility in design, features of gameplay that invite ethical reflection, and methodologies for designing ethically-aware games. Sicart offers frameworks for evaluating games' moral impacts and proposes approaches for integrating ethics into design practice. It serves as a foundational text for scholars and designers concerned with the interplay between games and ethical thought.

Repairing Play

Aaron Trammell

Aaron Trammell's 'Repairing Play' (as referenced) offers a critique of dominant play theories by centering Black studies and cultural perspectives, arguing for reparative approaches in game and play studies. The work challenges canonical thinkers and seeks to reframe how play is conceptualized in relation to race, power, and cultural history. It proposes new frameworks that address systemic exclusions and reorients theoretical foundations toward justice and inclusivity. Trammell's scholarship contributes to ongoing efforts to diversify and decolonize play and game studies. The book is positioned as foundational for future work that moves beyond romanticized theories of play.

Play Matters

Miguel Sicart

In 'Play Matters' Miguel Sicart presents a compact theory of play, arguing that play is a foundational human activity with ethical and cultural significance. He examines how playful practices shape social interactions, design, and meaning-making, offering conceptual tools for understanding play beyond games. The book engages with play theory to inform design and critical perspectives on interactive media. Sicart's accessible approach makes it useful for scholars and designers interested in the cultural implications of play. It situates play as a central mode of human engagement in contemporary life.

Playing Software

Miguel Sicart

Miguel Sicart argues that in the information age our relations with ubiquitous digital systems are fundamentally playful, and that playing with software shapes both software agency and human agency. He explores how make-believe, mimicry, and world-traveling inform digital play, and contrasts digital play with analog play. Sicart also considers the cybernetic aspects of digital play and critiques how play can be instrumentalized by platform capitalism, highlighting risks like exploitation and the weaponization of play in online conspiracy and gamified labor. Through theoretical synthesis and examples, the book proposes an ethos of digital play grounded in loving world-traveling and responsible interaction with software agents. It aims to reframe how scholars and designers understand play in computational culture.

Beyond Choices

Miguel Sicart

In 'Beyond Choices: The Design of Ethical Gameplay', Miguel Sicart explores how game design can foster ethical thinking by moving beyond simple binary choices. The book looks at the structural and narrative strategies that encourage players to engage with moral complexity, examining case studies and proposing design principles. Sicart argues for gameplay that enables reflection, responsibility, and ethical engagement rather than prescriptive moralizing. The work bridges game design practice and ethical theory, offering actionable insights for designers and scholars.

#52527

Metagaming

mut moochi, Jonny Hopkins, and Gurn Group

The play element at the heart of our interactions with computers—and how it drives the best and the worst manifestations of the information age.

Whether we interact with video games or spreadsheets or social media, playing with software shapes every facet of our lives. In Playing Software: Homo Ludens in Computational Culture (MIT Press, 2023), Miguel Sicart delves into why we play with computers, how that play shapes culture and society, and the threat posed by malefactors using play to weaponize everything from conspiracy theories to extractive capitalism. Starting from the controversial idea that software is an essential agent in the information age, Sicart considers our culture in general—and our way of thinking about and creating digital technology in particular—as a consequence of interacting with software's agency through play.

As Sicart shows, playing shapes software agency. In turn, software shapes our agency as we adapt and relate to it through play. That play drives the creation of new cultural, social, and political forms. Sicart also reveals the role of make-believe in driving our playful engagement with the digital sphere. From there, he discusses the cybernetic theory of digital play and what we can learn from combining it with the idea that playfulness can mean pleasurable interaction with human and nonhuman agents inside the boundaries of a computational system. Finally, he critiques the instrumentalization of play as a tool wielded by platform capitalism.

Rudolf Inderst is a professor of Game Design with a focus on Digital Game Studies at the IU International University of Applied Science, editor of “Game Studies Watchlist”, a weekly messenger newsletter about Game Culture and curator of @gamestudies at tiktok.

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