New Books in Science, Technology, and Society

Miguel Sicart, "Playing Software: Homo Ludens in Computational Culture" (MIT Press, 2023)

Mar 2, 2026

Miguel Sicart, professor and head of the Center for Digital Play, studies digital play and game studies. He explores how play shapes our relationship with software and vice versa. The conversation covers play as a cultural force, playfulness in AI and platforms, gamification as exploitation, and rethinking play theories for the computational age.

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ANECDOTE

Why The ITU Center Shifted To Digital Play

Miguel Sicart is Galician, based in Copenhagen, and leads the Center for Digital Play at IT University of Copenhagen.
He moved the center from a games focus to studying play broadly across AI, museums, and digital life.

question_answer

ANECDOTE

Slay The Spire And The Nintendo DS Ritual

Sicart's favorite ritual is playing Slay the Spire daily since March 2020.
He also loves Nintendo DS for its varied, creative games and still keeps many DS titles and two functioning consoles.

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INSIGHT

Make Believe Trumps Agonism In Digital Play

Make-believe and mimicry matter more than agonistic competition in digital play.
Sicart provocatively claims mimicry (worldbuilding and simulation) is central to digital interactions, shifting focus away from classic agonistic play theories.

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Miguel Sicart: background and research focus

01:03 • 3min

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Why rename the center to Digital Play

04:21 • 4min

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Favorite games and platforms

08:40 • 4min

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Preface: learning to appreciate fun in California

12:51 • 6min

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Provocation: spark disagreements and not be right

18:48 • 8min

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Two premises: Information age and play's role

27:05 • 3min

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Entangled agency: how play shapes software and us

30:13 • 7min

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World traveling and playfulness (Lugones)

37:07 • 8min

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When play becomes exploitation

45:20 • 5min

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Metagaming: games as software to play with

49:51 • 6min

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Future work and generative AI follow-ups

mut moochi, Jonny Hopkins, and Gurn Group

Beyond Choices - the Design of Ethical Gameplay

Miguel Sicart

Beyond Choices: The Design of Ethical Gameplay examines how game mechanics and systems generate ethical experiences that go beyond simple binary choices. Sicart argues for design approaches that foreground context, systems-level thinking, and the relational aspects of ethical play. The book draws on design theory and philosophy to propose methods for creating games that engage players in meaningful moral reflection. It critiques simplistic models of ethical decision-making in games and offers frameworks for more nuanced ethical design. The work contributes to discourse on responsible game design and pedagogy.

The ethics of computer games

Miguel Sicart

Miguel Sicart's 'The Ethics of Computer Games' examines ethical dimensions in videogame design and play, exploring how games mediate moral choices and shape players' ethical understanding. The book investigates responsibility in design, features of gameplay that invite ethical reflection, and methodologies for designing ethically-aware games. Sicart offers frameworks for evaluating games' moral impacts and proposes approaches for integrating ethics into design practice. It serves as a foundational text for scholars and designers concerned with the interplay between games and ethical thought.

Repairing Play

Aaron Trammell

Aaron Trammell's 'Repairing Play' (as referenced) offers a critique of dominant play theories by centering Black studies and cultural perspectives, arguing for reparative approaches in game and play studies. The work challenges canonical thinkers and seeks to reframe how play is conceptualized in relation to race, power, and cultural history. It proposes new frameworks that address systemic exclusions and reorients theoretical foundations toward justice and inclusivity. Trammell's scholarship contributes to ongoing efforts to diversify and decolonize play and game studies. The book is positioned as foundational for future work that moves beyond romanticized theories of play.

Play Matters

Miguel Sicart

In 'Play Matters' Miguel Sicart presents a compact theory of play, arguing that play is a foundational human activity with ethical and cultural significance. He examines how playful practices shape social interactions, design, and meaning-making, offering conceptual tools for understanding play beyond games. The book engages with play theory to inform design and critical perspectives on interactive media. Sicart's accessible approach makes it useful for scholars and designers interested in the cultural implications of play. It situates play as a central mode of human engagement in contemporary life.

Playing Software

Miguel Sicart

Miguel Sicart argues that in the information age our relations with ubiquitous digital systems are fundamentally playful, and that playing with software shapes both software agency and human agency. He explores how make-believe, mimicry, and world-traveling inform digital play, and contrasts digital play with analog play. Sicart also considers the cybernetic aspects of digital play and critiques how play can be instrumentalized by platform capitalism, highlighting risks like exploitation and the weaponization of play in online conspiracy and gamified labor. Through theoretical synthesis and examples, the book proposes an ethos of digital play grounded in loving world-traveling and responsible interaction with software agents. It aims to reframe how scholars and designers understand play in computational culture.

The play element at the heart of our interactions with computers—and how it drives the best and the worst manifestations of the information age.

Whether we interact with video games or spreadsheets or social media, playing with software shapes every facet of our lives. In Playing Software: Homo Ludens in Computational Culture (MIT Press, 2023), Miguel Sicart delves into why we play with computers, how that play shapes culture and society, and the threat posed by malefactors using play to weaponize everything from conspiracy theories to extractive capitalism. Starting from the controversial idea that software is an essential agent in the information age, Sicart considers our culture in general—and our way of thinking about and creating digital technology in particular—as a consequence of interacting with software's agency through play.

As Sicart shows, playing shapes software agency. In turn, software shapes our agency as we adapt and relate to it through play. That play drives the creation of new cultural, social, and political forms. Sicart also reveals the role of make-believe in driving our playful engagement with the digital sphere. From there, he discusses the cybernetic theory of digital play and what we can learn from combining it with the idea that playfulness can mean pleasurable interaction with human and nonhuman agents inside the boundaries of a computational system. Finally, he critiques the instrumentalization of play as a tool wielded by platform capitalism.

Rudolf Inderst is a professor of Game Design with a focus on Digital Game Studies at the IU International University of Applied Science, editor of “Game Studies Watchlist”, a weekly messenger newsletter about Game Culture and curator of @gamestudies at tiktok.

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