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Peninsular War And Latin Independence
- The Peninsular War weakened metropolitan Spain and helped trigger Latin American independence movements between 1810 and the 1830s.
- Colonial creole elites and wider social groups used the disruption to press for independence and rights.
Why 1812 Changed Everything
- The 1812 invasion of Russia proved a turning point because it demonstrated Napoleon could be comprehensively defeated.
- Russia's decision to pursue French forces and rally allies unleashed the collapse of the Napoleonic Empire.
What Waterloo Actually Did
- Waterloo ended the Hundred Days but probably only delayed wider coalition victory; even a French win there would not have secured lasting success.
- The arrival of Prussian forces decisively tipped the battle and coalition unity would have overwhelmed Napoleon later.