Colloques du Collège de France - Collège de France

Innovation technologique Liliane Bettencourt (2022-2023) - Lydéric BocquetCollège de FranceAnnée 2022-2023Colloque - La nanofluidique à la croisée des chemins : Interfacial Water Dissociation through Proton Permeable ElectrodesGraphene is completely impermeable in the perpendicular direction to its basal plane to all gases – even for helium, the smallest – at ambient conditions. In this context, it was expected that graphene would be impermeable even to protons, nuclei of hydrogen atoms. Nevertheless, we demonstrated that the transport of thermal protons through defect-free graphene is fast and can be measured experimentally. Graphene is also an excellent in-plane electron conductor. These properties allow using it as a proton permeable electrode. This talk will outline our work investigating its proton permeability and impermeability to all other ions, including recent work in which we demonstrate that defects are not necessary for its proton permeability. The talk will then cover the use of graphene as a proton permeable electrode to study proton transport, including the observation of a giant sensitivity to light. Using this well characterised system, we then explore the interfacial dissociation reaction (H2O = H+ + OH-) and discuss the observation of the Wien effect in this reaction in dark conditions and under illumination.Marcelo Lozada-HidalgoMarcelo Lozada-Hidalgo is a Royal Society University Research Fellow at The University of Manchester. His research interests include ion transport in 2D systems, interfacial dissociation reactions and photo-accelerated ion transport. He has been awarded an ERC Starting Grant (2021), a University Research Fellowship by the Royal Society (2020), a Dame Kathleen Ollerenshaw Research Fellowship by the University of Manchester (2019), an Early Career Fellowship by The Leverhulme Trust (2016) and the Andre Geim scholarship for PhD studies' after winning a national competition in Mexico in 2012.

Innovation technologique Liliane Bettencourt (2022-2023) - Lydéric BocquetCollège de FranceAnnée 2022-2023Colloque - La nanofluidique à la croisée des chemins : Electrode/Electrolyte Interfaces: from Electronic Response to Interfacial Structure, Dynamics and Thermodynamics Using Classical Molecular Dynamics SimulationsMany key industrial processes, from electricity production, conversion, and storage to electrocatalysis or electrochemistry in general, rely on physical mechanisms occurring at the interface between a metallic electrode and an electrolyte solution, summarized by the concept of an electric double layer, with the accumulation/depletion of electrons on the metal side and of ions on the liquid side. While electrostatic interactions play an essential role in the structure, thermodynamics, dynamics, and reactivity of electrode-electrolyte interfaces, these properties also crucially depend on the nature of the ions and solvent, as well as that of the metal itself. Such interfaces pose many challenges for modeling because they are a place where quantum chemistry meets statistical physics. I will review recent advances in the description and understanding of electrode-electrolyte interfaces with classical molecular simulations, and discuss in particular how to include some features of the electronic response in such simulations and their consequences on the interfacial properties.Benjamin RotenbergBenjamin Rotenberg is a CNRS senior researcher at Sorbonne University. He graduated in Chemistry from ENS in 2004 and received his Ph.D. in 2007 from Université Pierre et Marie Curie. He then joined the FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (Amsterdam) as a postdoctoral fellow before starting at CNRS in 2008. He was a visiting professor at the Universities of Barcelona, Berkeley and Freiburg, as well as in the Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin. His research focuses on multiscale modeling of charged interfaces, in particular in the fields of energy and the environment, and he develops new methods for numerical simulations.

Innovation technologique Liliane Bettencourt (2022-2023) - Lydéric BocquetCollège de FranceAnnée 2022-2023Colloque - La nanofluidique à la croisée des chemins : Spectroscopy of Nanoconfined and Flowing WaterWater at interfaces differs from bulk water, in both its physical structure and chemical composition. In particular, the role of the termination of the hydrogen-bonded network, the role of charges at interfaces, and the effect of surface charge on water and counterion arrangement have been intensely researched. Advanced surface-specific spectroscopies have contributed substantially to these insights. We have a reasonably good molecular-level understanding of water at interfaces. In contrast, nanoconfined water, and water flowing under non-equilibrium have been much less studied, owing to the challenge of 'seeing' a small number of water molecules under non-equilibrium.I will show our recent results on the spectroscopy of sub-nanometer confined and flowing water. For water 2D-confined to sub-nanometer dimensions, we observe distinct layering effects. For water flowing along a graphene surface, we find experimental evidence for the recently proposed quantum friction theory.Mischa BonnProf. Dr. Mischa Bonn joined the Max Planck Society in 2011 as one of the directors of the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, heading the division "Molecular Spectroscopy". Mischa completed his MSc degree in physical chemistry - with highest honors - in 1993 at the University of Amsterdam (NL) and performed his PhD research (1993-1996) at the FOM-Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics in Amsterdam. After two postdoctoral stays, at the Fritz Haber Institute (1997-1999) and at Columbia University, New York (1998-1999), he became assistant professor in 1999 at Leiden University, to receive tenure and promotion to associate professor in 2002. In 2004, he returned to the Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics in Amsterdam as group leader. He has been an extraordinary professor at the University of Amsterdam since 2005 and an honorary professor at Mainz University since 2012. Mischa serves as Deputy Editor for The Journal of Chemical Physics, and as a member of the editorial advisory board of J. Am. Chem. Soc., amongst others. Mischa has won several prizes and awards for his work, including the Gold Medal from the Royal Dutch Chemical Society and the Van 't Hoff Award from the Deutsche Bunsengesellschaft. His scientific interests focus on the development and application of laser-based (ultrafast) spectroscopies to advance our understanding of natural phenomena, specifically at interfaces – often involving Mischa's favorite molecule: water.

Virginie Courtier-OrgogozoBiodiversité et écosystèmes (2022-2023)Collège de FranceColloque - Integrating Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology : The Genetics of Super-Organismal AdaptationYannick Wurm, London, Queen Mary University of London, UK

Virginie Courtier-OrgogozoBiodiversité et écosystèmes (2022-2023)Collège de FranceColloque - Integrating Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology : An Ancestral Balanced Inversion Polymorphism Confers Global AdaptationSince the pioneering work of Dobzhansky in the 1940s, many chromosomal inversions have been identified but how they contribute to adaptation remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, the widespread inversion polymorphism In(3R)P is involved in climate adaptation, exhibiting non-neutral latitudinal clines on multiple continents. Here, I summarize new results suggesting that this chromosomal rearrangement represents a long-term (equilibrium) balanced polymorphism of ancestral African origin and that it harbors alleles that are maintained by balancing selection on several continents. Our findings indicate that In(3R)P spread out of its ancestral subtropical/tropical range and then become latitudinally along similar but independent climatic gradients, always being frequent in subtropical/tropical areas but rare or absent in temperate climates.Thomas Flatt is Full Professor of Evolutionary Biology and Head of the Department of Biology at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland. Thomas' research interests are the genomic basis of adaptation, population genetics, and the evolution life histories and aging, mainly using Drosophila as a model system. He received his M.Sc. from the University of Basel in 1999 (supervisor: Prof. Stephen Stearns), for work done at the University of Sydney with Prof. Richard Shine, and his Ph.D. from Fribourg in 2004 (supervisor: Prof. Tadeusz Kawecki). Between 2004 and 2008, he was a postdoctoral researcher at Brown University with Prof. Marc Tatar and a visiting postdoc with Prof. Neal Silverman at UMass Medical School, funded by fellowships from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and the Roche Research Foundation. Prior to taking up his position in Fribourg in 2017, he was a SNSF Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at Lausanne (2012-17), a Fellow at the Wissenschaftskolleg Berlin (2012), a faculty member of the Vienna Graduate School of Population Genetics and a tenured group leader at the Institute of Population Genetics in Vienna (2009-12). Between 2018 and 2021 he held a DFG Mercator Fellowship and Visiting Professorship at the University of Münster. He has been serving on numerous editorial, advisory and reviewing panels and, with Josefa Gonzalez (Barcelona), co-leads an international consortium of researchers, the European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU). He currently serves as an elected member of the National Research Council, the scientific body of the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF).

Virginie Courtier-OrgogozoBiodiversité et écosystèmes (2022-2023)Collège de FranceColloque - Integrating Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology : How Do Genomic Architecture and Ecological Processes Interplay during Evolution? The Example of Chromosomal Inversions in Seaweed FliesClaire Mérot, université de Rennes, Rennes, France

Virginie Courtier-OrgogozoBiodiversité et écosystèmes (2022-2023)Collège de FranceColloque - Integrating Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology : Rapidly Fluctuating Selection on Sub-Single Generation Time Scales in DrosophilaDmitri Petrov, Stanford University, Stanford, USA

Virginie Courtier-OrgogozoBiodiversité et écosystèmes (2022-2023)Collège de FranceColloque - Integrating Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology : Eco-Evolutionary Processes Involved in Diversification in SympatryViolaine Llaurens, Muséum national

Virginie Courtier-OrgogozoBiodiversité et écosystèmes (2022-2023)Collège de FranceColloque - Integrating Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology : The Genomic Basis of a Repeatedly Evolving Sexually-Selected Syndrome in Mediterranean Wall LizardsTraits can only function together if expressed together, but the evolution of such phenotypic integration remains poorly understood. In this talk, I will present our recent work on the evolutionary origin and geographic spread of a sexually selected syndrome in wall lizards. Climatic effects on the strength of sexual selection causes a mosaic of phenotypic variation across the landscape, and promotes asymmetric introgression into a distantly related lineage. The phenotypic integration of color, morphology, and behavior persists throughout a hybrid zone, pointing towards a genetic architecture with a single or few major loci. Analyses of genomic data supports this hypothesis and reveals a single candidate region with striking structural variations. I discuss how this genomic architecture can orchestrate the expression of color, morphology, and behavior, and what it can teach us about the evolution of complex phenotypes.Nathalie Feiner is currently a researcher at Lund University, Sweden. After completing her PhD on comparative vertebrate genomics at the University of Konstanz, Germany, she conducted postdoctoral research at the University of Oxford, UK, as a Humboldt fellow and at Lund University as a Wennergren fellow. Since 2021, Nathalie Feiner is a group leader at Lund University and pursues research at the intersection of developmental biology, phenomics, genomics and ecology. A major them in her research is the question of how developmental processes shape evolutionary outcomes, and why evolution tends to repeat itself.

Virginie Courtier-OrgogozoBiodiversité et écosystèmes (2022-2023)Collège de FranceColloque - Integrating Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology : How Do our Garden Birds Adjust to Life in the City? Insights from Evolutionary EcologyAnne Charmantier, Centre d'écologie fonctionnelle et évolutive, Montpellier, France