Colloques du Collège de France - Collège de France

Civilisation mésopotamienneDominique CharpinCollège de FranceAnnée 2022-2023Colloque - Archives paléo-babyloniennes : 140 ans de publications et d'études (1882-2022) : L'écrit dans l'empire de Samsi-AdduIntervenant(s)Nele Ziegler, CNRS, UMR 7192, ParisLorsque Samsi-Addu réussit l'exploit de créer un vaste empire en Haute-Mésopotamie, il accompagna ses conquêtes militaires de mesures culturelles. La construction de temples dans plusieurs ville en était peut-être la plus visible. On voit également que l'administration connut des mesures d'uniformisation. Les sceaux-cylindres des serviteurs de Samsi-Addu sont reconnaissables entre tous et ont été étudiés par A. Otto. D'autres mesures de standardisation concernent la gestion du temps : l'introduction d'un nouveau calendrier et l'utilisation des éponymes dans tout le territoire ont été étudiés.Dans le cadre du projet PCEHM (« Pouvoir et culture écrite en Haute-Mésopotamie au XVIIIe siècle av. J.-C. »), la présente communication étudie l'écrit en tant que tel. Quelles innovations, quels usages dans ce monde où l'écrit était à son apogée ?

Civilisation mésopotamienneDominique CharpinCollège de FranceAnnée 2022-2023Colloque - Archives paléo-babyloniennes : 140 ans de publications et d'études (1882-2022) : Some Old Babylonian Archives in Context: Tell aḍ-Ḍibāʿī (Zaralulu) and Šaduppûm (Tell Ḥarmal)Intervenant(s)Laith M. Hussein, State Board of Antiquity and Heritage, BagdadThe excavations at Šaduppûm prove that the ancient Babylonian city was surrounded by a wall and had an administrative building, a main temple and other small temples, private residences and workshops. Šaduppûm is considered to be the administrative center of a governorate of the state of Ešnunna. To date, only a third of the 3,000 tablets discovered have been published and edited.Various publications show that Šaduppûm was an agricultural society because of the large quantities of grain, names of fields and fields, cultivated plots of land, storage facilities and the construction of irrigated soil.The texts from Šaduppûm also contain a number of school texts. Lexical texts contain lists of various objects (such as types of wood and trees, green plants, vessels, birds, wool or clothing), syllable alphabets, lists of gods and lists of personal names.Between the several archaeological sites in the vicinity in the Diyāla-Area near the center of the capital Baghdad is the small ruined city Uzarlulu (modern: Tell aḍ-Ḍibāʿī ), 2,5 km away northeast from the place Šaduppûm (modern: Tell Ḥarmal). More than 68 years after the start of the guided Iraqi excavation in Uzarlulu, a large number of finds, especially the clay tablets, have still not been published and the results of the excavation have been partially published to this day. Despite several publications, the clay tablets remained less known and are still largely unpublished today. The present study is the first attempt to record all clay tablets and small finds from Uzarlulu worked on by the Iraqi colleagues, to identify them as far as possible and to assign them to the original archives.

Civilisation mésopotamienneDominique CharpinCollège de FranceAnnée 2022-2023Colloque - Archives paléo-babyloniennes : 140 ans de publications et d'études (1882-2022) : Les documents d'archives paléo-babyloniens, 1882-2022 : une vue d'ensembleIntervenant(s)Dominique Charpin, Professeur du Collège de FranceCette première communication présentera l'historique des publications de textes d'archives paléo-babyloniens de 1882 à nos jours : pas moins de 35 192 textes ont été désormais intégralement publiés, avec un rythme qui s'est considérablement accéléré après la Seconde Guerre mondiale : le pic a été atteint dans la décennie 1982-1991, avec 6 523 textes publiés en 10 ans, grâce à l'explosition de la publication des textes de Mari sous la direction de J.-M. Durand (3 385 textes pendant cette période). Cette rétrospective permettra de montrer à quel point certains instruments de travail sont désormais largement obsolètes, à commencer par les dictionnaires : lorsque le CAD a débuté en 1956, seulement 8 851 textes d'archives paléo-babyloniens avaient été publiés. Et lorsque le AHw fut achevé en 1981, le nombre de textes publiés après un siècle était seulement de 17 510, soit la moitié du corpus actuel ! Ce constat s'accompagnera de quelques considérations prospectives. On soulignera notamment l'importance d'outils comme la base Archibab pour mieux exploiter la masse de données désormais disponible et qui va continuer à s'accroître : de 2000 à 2022, 8 012 textes ont été publiés, soit une moyenne annuelle de 348 textes, plus d'un par jour ouvrable ! Il faut faire connaître de tels chiffres, pour que nos collègues des autres domaines historiques – et les autorités qui distribuent postes et crédits – comprennent à quel point on a affaire à une spécialité en constant renouvellement.

Civilisation mésopotamienneCollège de FranceAnnée 2022-2023Civilisation mésopotamienneColloque - Archives paléo-babyloniennes : 140 ans de publications et d'études (1882-2022) : IntroductionIntervenant(s)Dominique Charpin, Professeur du Collège de FranceAntoine Jacquet, Chercheur attaché à la chaire Civilisation mésopotamienne (Dominique Charpin)Cette première communication présentera l'historique des publications de textes d'archives paléo-babyloniens de 1882 à nos jours : pas moins de 35 192 textes ont été désormais intégralement publiés, avec un rythme qui s'est considérablement accéléré après la Seconde Guerre mondiale : le pic a été atteint dans la décennie 1982-1991, avec 6 523 textes publiés en 10 ans, grâce à l'explosition de la publication des textes de Mari sous la direction de J.-M. Durand (3 385 textes pendant cette période). Cette rétrospective permettra de montrer à quel point certains instruments de travail sont désormais largement obsolètes, à commencer par les dictionnaires : lorsque le CAD a débuté en 1956, seulement 8 851 textes d'archives paléo-babyloniens avaient été publiés. Et lorsque le AHw fut achevé en 1981, le nombre de textes publiés après un siècle était seulement de 17 510, soit la moitié du corpus actuel ! Ce constat s'accompagnera de quelques considérations prospectives. On soulignera notamment l'importance d'outils comme la base Archibab pour mieux exploiter la masse de données désormais disponible et qui va continuer à s'accroître : de 2000 à 2022, 8 012 textes ont été publiés, soit une moyenne annuelle de 348 textes, plus d'un par jour ouvrable ! Il faut faire connaître de tels chiffres, pour que nos collègues des autres domaines historiques – et les autorités qui distribuent postes et crédits – comprennent à quel point on a affaire à une spécialité en constant renouvellement.

Innovation technologique Liliane Bettencourt (2022-2023) - Lydéric BocquetCollège de FranceAnnée 2022-2023Colloque - La nanofluidique à la croisée des chemins : New Approaches in Nanofluidics: Carbon Nanotubes Mechanical ResonatorsI will present our work in the direction of combining mechanical resonator and nanofluidic channel with a carbon nanotube.First, I will discuss how mechanical resonators will allow to answer, experimentally, open questions in the nanofluidic community about the structure of water, the phase diagram and the mechanism behind the fast flow observed in carbon nanotube. Second, I will show that SU8 microfluidic allows to combine antagonist worlds of fluidics (ambient pressure) and mechanics (secondary vacuum). Such devices can sustain large water pressure up to 5 bars and do not degrade over time. Porosity of SU8 is equal or better to PDMS, the standard in fluidics. Moving to carbon nanotube nanomechanical resonators, I will show that they exhibit exquisite mass sensitivity down to 70 yg, even at room temperature. This feature is observed in several devices, making it a reliable asset. I will discuss the limitations to the sensitivity in terms of thermomechanical noise, frequency fluctuations, etc.Finally, I will demonstrate that electrons in carbon nanotubes can distinguish water adsorbed on the surface of the nanotube from water confined inside the nanotube.Again, this feature is reproducible in several devices and independent of the metallicity of the nanotube.Adrien NouryAdrien Noury received his PhD in Physics (Photonics and Material Sciences) in 2014 from Univ. Paris Sud, on carbon nanotubes hybrid photonics. He then joined the group of Adrian Bachtold in ICFO Barcelona to work on quantum electromechanics with graphene drums, and later Helium superfluids on nanotube mechanical resonator. Since 2017 he is CNRS researcher in L2C, Montpellier, where he started and led the Nanomechanics group. His research focuses on harnessing the exceptional sensitivity of nanotube mechanical resonators in order to adress challenging questions in Physics.

Innovation technologique Liliane Bettencourt (2022-2023) - Lydéric BocquetCollège de FranceAnnée 2022-2023Colloque - La nanofluidique à la croisée des chemins : Nanofluidics: Exploring New FrontiersIn this talk, I will introduce a novel method based on liquid-activated quantum emission from native hBN defects for nanofluidic sensing. Liquids confined down to the atomic scale can show radically new properties. However, only indirect and ensemble measurements operate in such extreme confinement, calling for novel optical approaches enabling direct imaging at the molecular level. Using our method, we harness quantum emission originating from native defects in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) for molecular imaging and sensing in nanometrically confined liquids. We show that defect activation occurs through chemisorption of organic solvent molecules, revealing single-molecule dynamics at the interface through spatially correlated activation of neighboring defects. Defect emission spectra further offer a direct readout of local dielectric properties, unveiling increasing dielectric order under nanometer-scale confinement. Liquid-activated native hBN defects bridge the gap between solid-state nanophotonics and nanofluidics, opening new avenues for nanoscale sensing and optofluidics.Liquid-activated quantum emission from native hBN defects for nanofluidic sensingRonceray N., You Y., Glushkov E., Lihter M., Rehl B., Chen T-H., Nam G-H., Watanabe K., Taniguchi T., Roke S., Keerthi A., Comtet J., Radha B. et Radenovic A., Liquid-activated quantum emission from native hBN defects for nanofluidic sensing, 2022.Aleksandra RadenovicProf. Aleksandra Radenovic is a full professor of biological engineering at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) She serves as the Head of the Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology and is a renowned expert in the field of single-molecule biophysics. Professor Radenovic received her Ph.D. in Biophysics from the University of Lausanne (Switzerland) in 2003, following her attainment of a Msc. in Physics from the University of Zagreb (Croatia) in 2000. The research conducted by her laboratory has received numerous prestigious grants and awards, including the European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant in 2010, the SNF Backup scheme Consolidator Grant in 2015, the CCMX materials challenge award in 2016, and the Advanced ERC grant in 2020. Her research interests focus on nanofluidics and developing techniques and methodologies that utilize optical imaging, nanopore sensing, and single-molecule manipulation to study the behavior of individual biological molecules and complexes. These studies are conducted both in vitro and within living cells, providing insights into the underlying mechanisms of cellular processes.

Innovation technologique Liliane Bettencourt (2022-2023) - Lydéric BocquetCollège de FranceAnnée 2022-2023Colloque - La nanofluidique à la croisée des chemins : Soft NanofluidicsI will present some recent results on controlled experiments probing fluidic transport at the nanoscale. In particular, I will show how we use alternative routes tomolecular confinement, which circumvents demanding nanofabrication steps, partially releases material constraints, and offers continuously tunable molecular confinements. These soft-matter-inspired approaches use wetting film that spontaneously condenses on a substrate or soap films that are intrinsically nanometric as versatile and tunable nanofluidic channels.Anne-Laure BianceDepuis 2006 : Chargée de recherche puis directrice de recherche au CNRS.2004 : Thèse de l'université Paris 6 sous la direction de D. Quéré, réalisé au LPMC, Collège de France.2013 : HDR, Université Lyon 1.

Innovation technologique Liliane Bettencourt (2022-2023) - Lydéric BocquetCollège de FranceAnnée 2022-2023Colloque - La nanofluidique à la croisée des chemins : Computer Explorations of Soft Flowing MatterMajor progress in experimental micro-nanofluidics over the last decades has spawned the opportunity to explore new states of droplet-based soft flowing matter, such as microfluidic crystals, high-density confined emulsions, bijels, as well as various types of soft granular flows. These novel states of soft matter raise fundamental challenges to non-equilibrium statistical physics mostly on account of strong nonlinear and nonlocal effects, which set their mechanical and rheological properties far apart from those of the three fundamental states of matter (solid,liquid and gas) they are made of. In this talk, I shall present selected computer simulations and machine-learning algorithms which help shedding light into these fascinating states of soft flowing matter and lay the ground for future applications in science and engineering.Sauro SucciDr Succi holds a degree in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Bologna and a PhD in plasma physics from the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne. He currently serves as Senior Research Executive and Principal Investigator at the Center for Life Nano-Neuro Sciences at la Sapienza of the Italian Institute of Technology. He is also a Research Affiliate of the Physics Department of Harvard University and a Honorary Professor at the University College London. His research activity covers a broad range of topics related to complex states of flowing matter, such as thermonuclear plasmas, fluid turbulence, micro and nanofluidics, soft matter as well as quantum and subnuclear fluids. He is best known for his contributions to the early inception, development and application of the Lattice Boltzmann method, for which he has received a number of international awards, including the APS 2017 Aneesur Rahman Prize in Computational Physics, the 2019 CECAM Berni Alder Prize for exceptional contributions to the microscopic simulation of matter. He is an elected member of Academia Europaea (2015) and in 2017 he has been awarded the ERC-AdG "Computational design of mesoscale porous materials".

Innovation technologique Liliane Bettencourt (2022-2023) - Lydéric BocquetCollège de FranceAnnée 2022-2023Colloque - La nanofluidique à la croisée des chemins : Condensed Matter at NanoscaleScanning Probe Microscopy is a powerful tool for the investigation of the properties of confined systems. In this presentation we will discuss how soft and hard condensed matter undergo to a dramatic phase change when confined at the nanoscale and we will investigate the complex coupling between fluids and bidimensional materials.Alessandro SiriaAlessandro Siria is a CNRS researcher and Professor at École normale supérieure. His research interests are at the interface between soft matter and nano science. Awarded with 2 European Research Council grants, he is co-founder of 4 start-up companies aiming at the industrialisation of novel nanofluidics functionaries.

Innovation technologique Liliane Bettencourt (2022-2023) - Lydéric BocquetCollège de FranceAnnée 2022-2023Colloque - La nanofluidique à la croisée des chemins : Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial WaterThere are few molecules, if any, more important than water. However, remarkably little is known about how it interacts with surfaces, particularly at the molecular level. In this talk I will discuss some of our recent work on the application and development of a variety of state of the art computer simulation methods to better understand the structure and dynamics of water at surfaces and under confinement. Specific topics discussed will include work carried out in collaboration with experimentalists to understand the growth and diffusion of ice clusters at metal surfaces, heterogenous ice nucleation, and water confined within 1- and 2-dimensional membranes. Methodological developments aimed at providing more accurate treatments of adsorption on and bonding within solids will also be covered, as well as an efficient machine learning strategy for simulating complex aqueous interfaces.Angelos MichaelidesAngelos Michaelides obtained a PhD in Theoretical Chemistry in 2000 from The Queen's University of Belfast. Following this, he worked as a post-doctoral research associate and junior research fellow at the University of Cambridge and then at the Fritz Haber Institute, Berlin as an Alexander von Humboldt research fellow and subsequently research group leader. Between 2006 and 2020 he was at University College London where he was Director and Co-Director of the Thomas Young Centre: The London Centre for the Theory and Simulation of Materials and the founding Director of the Materials and Molecular Modelling Hub. Since 2020 he has been the 1968 Professor of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge.