Colloques du Collège de France - Collège de France

Philippe AghionCollège de FranceÉconomie des institutions, de l'innovation et de la croissanceAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Conference on the Economics of Innovation in Memory of Zvi Griliches : Explorations of cumulative advantage using data on French physicistColloque en anglais organisé par Philippe Aghion, Lee Branstetter et Adam Jaffe.Intervenant(s)Bronwyn Hall, "Explorations of cumulative advantage using data on French physicists"(Co-author: J. Mairesse)Discussant: Francesco Lissoni

Philippe AghionCollège de FranceÉconomie des institutions, de l'innovation et de la croissanceAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Conference on the Economics of Innovation in Memory of Zvi Griliches : Keynote SpeakerColloque en anglais organisé par Philippe Aghion, Lee Branstetter et Adam Jaffe.Intervenant(s)Introduction: Adam JaffeSpeaker: Kathryn Shaw

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : Closing discussions

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : Collaborative AI for Plant Biodiversity Monitoring: From Pl@ntNet to GeoPl@ntNet Alexis JolyDirecteur de recherche, Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier, INRIA, Montpellier, FrancePierre BonnetCadre scientifique, botAnique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des végétations, CIRAD, Montpellier, FranceRésuméPl@ntNet is a participatory platform based on artificial intelligence to facilitate plant identification and the monitoring of plant biodiversity. In this presentation, we will first look at the technology behind Pl@ntNet, as well as the innovative services it offers in the fields of conservation, research and agro-ecology. We will then discuss the new biogeographical models developed by the Pl@ntNet team to overcome the problems of bias and incomplete data, and their integration into a new tool (GeoPl@ntNet) currently under development.Alexis JolyAlexis Joly is research director at Inria with interests in machine learning and computer vision applied to biodiversity. He is the scientific and technical leader of the Pl@ntNet citizen science project which develops a million-users platform based on AI. He is the founder of the LifeCLEF international virtual lab dedicated to the computer-assisted identification of living organisms.Pierre BonnetDr. Pierre Bonnet is a permanent scientist at CIRAD in France, based in AMAP lab (a Joint Research Unit for plant architecture, specialised in tropical botany and bioinformatics). His topics of interest are Botany, plant ecology, and applied computer science. He got his Ph.D. in 2008 from the University of Montpellier, after two and half years of activities in South East Asia, in close collaboration with the National Herbarium of the Netherlands and the National University of Laos. Since 2009, he works as a scientific coordinator of Pl@ntNet initiative, in close collaboration with scientists and engineers of INRIA, INRAE, and IRD, in order to promote citizen science for gathering new data on plants at world scale.

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : The Spipoll Project: Monitoring Plant-Visitor Interactions in France with Citizen ScienceNicolas DeguinesMaître de conférences, Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, université de Poitiers, Poitiers, FranceRésuméIn the context of global changes affecting biodiversity worldwide, to what extent flower visitors —and not just bees— are threatened by different environmental factors needs to be evaluated. This is critical if we are to mitigate the effects of global changes on these organisms along with their functions in ecosystems and the services they provide to human societies.In 2010, the Photographic Survey of Flower Visitors (Spipoll) was launched to monitor plant-visitor interactions across France with the help of citizen scientists following a standardized protocol. During 20 minutes exactly, a volunteer takes pictures of every organisms visiting any flower of a chosen plant species. Date, time, location and conditions of observations, along with identifications of the plant and its visitors are provided by volunteers to a taxonomic resolution as fine as possible based on morphological characteristics visible on photographs (and using an interactive identification key specifically developed for the Spipoll). In this talk, after introducing the Spipoll protocol and unique dataset collected (more than 650,000 plant-visitor interactions across 75,000+ sampling locations), we will present the main results obtained since 2010 and develop scientific perspectives.Nicolas DeguinesJe suis docteur en écologie du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle depuis 2013 et maître de conférences à l'université de Poitiers depuis 2020. Écologue, mes recherches ont deux grands objectifs : 1) comprendre les effets des changements environnementaux d'origine naturelle ou anthropique sur la biodiversité, son fonctionnement et ses services écosystémiques, et 2) développer des mesures de conservation de la biodiversité. Je mobilise notamment les outils et concepts de l'écologie des communautés, de l'écologie du paysage, de l'écologie trophique, et des sciences de la conservation. Je m'intéresse en particulier aux pollinisateurs, notamment au travers de mon implication dans le suivi photographique des insectes pollinisateurs (Spipoll), et à leurs réponses à différentes pressions environnementales (ex. changements d'occupation du sol, intensification de l'agriculture). Parmi d'autres, les cloportes (isopodes terrestres) sont des organismes que j'étudie avec intérêt.

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : European Initiatives for Pollinator MonitoringDenis MichezLaboratory of Zoology, University of Mons, Mons, BelgiumRésuméSeveral studies have now shown at different spatial scale that certain species of the wild bee fauna are in decline in Europe. In response, some European countries and the European commission are implementing action plans to mitigate negative population trends. To evaluate the efficiency of these actions we need an accurate estimation of population. One of the first actions proposed is therefore an ambitious monitoring program, which involves the development of taxonomic recognition tools and training to use them. Several projects started in 2021 and concern the whole of European continent. We will present here the initiatives on taxonomy (ORBIT project) and on capacity building (SPRING project). ORBIT and SRPING are three-years projects commissioned by the General Directorate for Environment of the European Commission. Orbit aims to develop taxonomic resources for facilitating European bee inventory and monitoring. SPRING aims to strengthen the taxonomic capacity in EU Member States, and support preparation for the implementation of the EU Pollinator Monitoring Scheme "EU-PoMS", notably by organising training sessions for different level of expertise. The trainings aimed at 4 different levels: (i) identifying large pollinator groups, (ii) identifying bees and hoverflies to genus level, (iii) identifying bees or hoverflies to species group level, (iv) identifying bees or hoverflies to species level. Trainings at level (i) were developed at the national scale; levels (ii) and (iii) were covering multiple countries; and level (iv) considered the whole Europe. Moreover, the project created a series of e-learing materials on pollinator identification at different levels, focusing on the needs of people involved on the monitoring. All this material will be open to the public on the online portal 'Pollinator Academy', that will act as a hub to centralise information about already available tools related to pollinator identification (articles, online keys, books, interesting links, other courses, etc.).Denis MichezJe suis professeur de botanique et de zoologie à l'université de Mons où j'enseigne depuis 2008. Je développe des recherches sur les abeilles sauvages, leur taxonomie, leur distribution, leur écologie ou encore leur conservation. Je suis impliqué dans plusieurs projets européens, notamment sur le développement de liste rouge et sur l'impact des pesticides ou du changement climatique.

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : European Policy Background for Pollinator MonitoringAndreas GumbertEuropean Commission - DG Environment, Brussels, BelgiumRésuméIn the framework of the European Green Deal, the European Commission adopted political strategies that are of relevance for the monitoring of pollinators. The EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 establishes an objective to reverse the decline of pollinators by 2030. The EU Pollinator Initiative was revised in 2023, and it provides an action framework for (i) improving knowledge on pollinators (including monitoring), (ii) tackling the drivers of their decline, and (iii) for mobilising society and engage in strategic planning. The methodology for an EU-wide pollinator monitoring scheme is being developed, supported by a range of activities to enhance the taxonomic capacity on pollinators. The Commission aims at setting up an integrated monitoring framework, linking information about the status and trends of pollinator populations with drivers of their decline, in particular land use and habitat quality, as well as pesticide pressure. The Commission supports several monitoring initiatives in this regard (LUCAS, EMBAL, Insignia).

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : Plant Biodiversity Trends and Monitoring in GermanyConférence élaborée avec Helge Bruelheide (German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany).Ute JandtMartin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology / Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Halle (Saale), GermanyRésuméIn Germany (Central Europe) biodiversity has changed profoundly with respect to composition and spatial extent of ecosystems because of a multitude of environmental change drivers and a high human impact. Nevertheless, existing monitoring programmes in Germany only cover the last two decades and lack data, coverage and integration. The project "sMon – Analysing trends in German species data" initiated by the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig has the aim to mobilize data from different sources to derive biodiversity trends. The data used comprise very different spatial and temporal grains, ranging from vegetation plot time series on a very few metres squared to grid cell mapping of whole Germany. The different types of data have a poor temporal or spatial coverage, but can provide important information on biodiversity change which goes beyond current programmes. The analysis at the coarse scale of 100km2-grid cells revealed losses in frequency of about 70% of all plant species in Germany. The spatial patterns in losses and gains differed between native species, archaeophytes and neophytes.Ute JandtDr. Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.Work experience:2004-today: Senior researcher at the Institute of Biology / Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germanywww.uni-halle.de/botanik Vascular plants, bryophytes, lichens, vegetation science, nature conservation and protection, vegetation databases, biodiversity research, community assembly Business or sector Research and Education: 2020-today: Senior researcher in EuropaBON, Monitoring ecosystems through research, innovation and technology 2012-today: Member of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)Education and training:1999: Doctoral degree in Ecology (Dr. rer. nat.), University of Göttingen 1991-1992: Diploma thesis in vegetation, University of Göttingen 1985-1991: Biology at the University of Göttingen 1984: Abitur Georg-Christoph-Lichtenberg-Gesamtschule in Göttingen

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : forestREplot: A Database of Forest Herb Layer Resurvey PlotsPieter de FrenneForest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, BelgiumRésuméResurveys of historical vegetation plots are invaluable to document patterns of change in community composition and diversity. They are also useful to better understand impacts of multiple and interacting global-change drivers. The relevance of resurveys is particularly high for communities exhibiting slow dynamics, such as herb layers in temperate forests. Furthermore, herb layers in temperate forests typically comprise a large fraction of the vascular plant diversity and are known to be strongly affected by various global-change drivers, including past land use, increased atmospheric deposition and changing management. forestREplot is a database of forest herb layer resurvey plots, spread across the temperate zones of the globe. The database is used to quantify changes in herb layer composition and forest functioning, and to assess the effects of global environmental changes such as nitrogen deposition and climate change. The total number of plots in the database is now 5,524 plots representing not less than 14,185 relevees. The just released forestREplot 3.0 (January 2024) is now based on the World Flora Online (WFO) as new taxonomic standard. We have now 79 data sets with 1 resurvey, 9 with 2 resurveys, 2 with 3 resurveys, 3 with 4 resurveys, and 2 with 5 resurveys.Pieter De FrenneFull professor of applied botany.

Emmanuelle PorcherCollège de FranceBiodiversité et écosystèmesAnnée 2023-2024Colloque - Nouvelles approches pour le suivi des plantes, des pollinisateurs et de leurs interactions dans un monde en changement : Long-Term Changes in Forest Plant Communities Have Affected Species' Abundances and Pollinator ResourcesDonald M. WallerAmerican datasets from forestREplot, Madison, USARésuméBaseline surveys are essential to assess long-term shifts in plant communities. In the early 2000s, we re-surveyed 293 sites of six forest types in Wisconsin, USA. Data from these sites, first surveyed in the 1950s, allowed us to infer long-term shifts in diversity and abundance of 292 species. Statewide, more species decreased in abundance (63%, and 68% of native species) than increased (37% of species, including most non-native species). Native species declined, on average, by 41% while non-native species increased by 584%. Many animal-pollinated wildflowers declined conspicuously, while abiotically pollinated graminoids and some ferns tended to increase. Among native species, those with zygomorphic flowers (specialized pollinators) declined more in abundance. Among non-native species, those with abiotic pollination showed smaller increases. Declines were greater in smaller, more fragmented southern upland forest patches, reflecting a continuing extinction debt. Small remnant grasslands experienced even higher species losses and stronger area effects. Larger, more continuous forests in northern Wisconsin retained plant diversity better but deer herbivory has shifted their composition. Understanding how diversity and traits shifted across sites and communities helps illuminate the mechanisms driving changes in diversity and pollinator resources in temperate forests.Donald M. WallerProf. Waller taught ecology, evolution, and conservation biology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison as the Curtis Professor of Botany & Environmental Studies. His interests include plant population dynamics; plant reproductive ecology; effects of habitat fragmentation; monitoring long-term ecological change to identify drivers (e.g., forestREplot); and how ungulates and N-deposition affect forest plant communities. He served as Associate Editor of Ecology Letters, Editor-in-Chief of Evolution, a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a Palme Academique recipient, and President of the Society for the Study of Evolution. He co-authored Wild Forests: Conservation Biology and Public Policy (Island Press) and edited The Vanishing Present: Shifts in Wisconsin's lands, waters, and wildlife (Univ. of Chicago Press). Dr Waller works to apply his expertise to improve forest, wildlife, and habitat management.