The History of Literature 784 Marcus Aurelius: Philosopher-King (with William O. Stephens)
Mar 16, 2026
William O. Stephens, a philosophy professor and Stoicism scholar, guides listeners through Marcus Aurelius’s life as a ruling philosopher. The conversation covers Marcus’s upbringing, Stoic practice and private memoranda, his austere character, co-rule with Lucius Verus, wartime leadership and the Antonine Plague, and the tension between philosophical ideals and imperial realities.
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Plato's Case For Philosopher Rulers
- Plato argued democracy risks excessive freedom and demagoguery, so trained philosopher-rulers should govern to ensure competence and virtue.
- The Republic's rulers are educated from childhood in music, math, dialectic, military service, and practical management to produce wise leaders.
Marcus Aurelius As A Real Philosopher King
- Marcus Aurelius is often seen as a real-world instance of Plato's philosopher-king: an emperor who practiced philosophy while ruling.
- He combined imperial duty with Stoic self-discipline, writing nightly to rehearse ethical doctrines.
Hadrian Groomed Marcus Through Adoption
- Marcus was born in 121 CE into a noble family and lost his father young, then was raised by his grandfather.
- Emperor Hadrian arranged for Antoninus Pius to adopt Marcus, grooming him for succession alongside Lucius Verus.
