Starts With A Bang podcast

Some stars, as they go through their life cycles, will die of natural causes. They'll burn through their fuel until they can fuse elements no longer, and then will die, becoming a white dwarf below a certain mass threshold, or experiencing a core-collapse supernova that leaves behind a neutron star, a black hole, or perhaps something even more interesting above that mass threshold. But some stars, while just going about their lives, can suffer a wildly different fate: they can be murdered by other objects in the Universe. Stellar destruction can take many forms and can give off many different unique signals, and it's only by examining a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as other types of sources, that we can decode what's actually going on across the Universe. I'm so pleased to welcome Dr. Yvette Cendes to the program, who specializes in radio astronomy and the behavior of exotic objects that change their behavior over time: transient signals. There's so much to explore and I hope you enjoy this fascinating 90 minute discussion right here on the Starts With A Bang podcast! (Credit: Alak Ray, Nature Astronomy, 2017; ACTA/ALMA/ESO/Hubble/Chandra composite)

When it comes to the black holes that populate the Universe, they range from the very tiny, of only ~3 solar masses or so and with event horizons that span only a few kilometers, all the way up to the incredibly supermassive, many billions of times as massive as our Sun, with event horizons on the scale of the entire Solar System. These black holes are fascinating not only for how they form and exist, but how they impact and shape the entire galaxies that they inhabit. At all different wavelengths, from X-ray to radio, as well as in gravitational waves, we're only starting to uncover the previously elusive science about these cosmic behemoths, and while we're all the richer for it today, it's fascinating to consider what questions we'll be answering decades down the line, too. Come have a listen to all of these topics and much, much more as we go on a fascinating journey concerning supermassive black holes with Dr. Adi Foord of Stanford, and expose the mysteries of the largest single structures in the entire Universe! (Image credit: NASA)

You know how it works, right? Point your telescopes at the sky, collect the data, and then send it off to the scientists for analysis and to compare with the predictions of your theories. Only, if that's what you do, you'll miss a crucial first step: you have to handle your data correctly. That means understanding the nuances of your telescope, the sensitivities of your instruments and optics across different filters and wavelengths, and so many other considerations before that data you've collected could ever be responsibly used for any scientific purposes at all. But this is not a hopeless task; there are entire careers in telescope and instrument support sciences that, in many ways, are the unsung heroes of the entire enterprise of astronomy. In this edition of the Starts With A Bang podcast, I'm so pleased to get to bring Dr. Heather Fleweling onto the show, where she talks about her experience and expertise doing precisely this for observatories such as Pan-STARRS, which she helped build herself, to the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), where she currently works, specializing in the MegaPrime instrument. Get a behind-the-scenes peek at a corner of astronomy that most people don't even know exists!

In the science of astronomy, it's important to see both the forest and the trees. Galaxy clusters, in many ways, serve as both. They're rich environments with stars, gas, dust, dark matter, black holes and more. The diversity of stars and stellar populations found within them, as well as found within galaxies of different shapes, sizes, and properties within those clusters, are part of a remarkable and coherent cosmic story. But sometimes the cosmic story can help us understand what's going on in these environments, the converse of the way we normally think about it: where we use the environment to learn about the universe. Come take a fascinating journey into these cosmic behemoths that are the gathering grounds for the greatest collections of large galaxies in the universe, and enjoy a delightful conversation with Gourav Khullar as we go along on this wild ride! (Image credit: ESA/Hubble and NASA, H. Ebling)

If you want to understand the origin of life in the Universe, you have three basic ways to do it. One is to search for intelligent aliens directly: through a program such as SETI. Another is to search for life in Solar Systems beyond our own: looking for bio-signatures, or perhaps bio-hints, on extraterrestrial worlds many light-years away. But within our own Solar System, there are a plethora of worlds, including the ice-and-liquid-rich bodies we have, that are fascinating candidates for life of non-Earth origin. There's so much to explore and so many different aspects of what's out there that I went into an incredibly far-ranging conversation with our podcast guest, planetary scientists and NExSS postdoc Dr. Jessica Noviello, that we wound up talking for nearly two full hours, and still couldn't cover everything we wanted to! Still, it was an amazing conversation for me and I hope it is for you, too. Enjoy it! (Image credit: NASA/JPL/Ted Stryk, of Europa with its uniquely curved stripes, for the Galileo mission.)

Practically every galaxy in the Universe has a supermassive black hole at their core. Ranging from millions to many billions of solar masses, these cosmic behemoths are capable of behaving as engines: accreting and accelerating matter to tremendous speeds and temperatures, where they emit enormous amounts of radiation. Galaxies can remain in this active state for hundreds of millions of years, where they appear to us as active galactic nuclei or quasars, depending on their specific properties. But why are some galaxies active while others aren't? How long will the active ones we see remain active, and will some of the inactive ones turn on? What about flares? As it turns out, there's a powerful connection between the surrounding galaxy, the processes occurring at the core, and the activity levels of the central black hole. Here to help us put it all together is Dr. Yashashree Jadhav, who takes us on a fascinating and far-ranging discussion about black holes, gas, stars, and much, much more! Enjoy it all on this edition of the Starts With A Bang podcast! (The image here is a multiwavelength view of the galaxy Centaurus A: the closest active galaxy to the Milky Way. Image credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO; Optical: Rolf Olsen; Infrared: NASA/JPL-Caltech.)

Like everything in the Universe, stars are born, they live a little while, and then they die. But despite their similarities in terms of where they come from and what they're made of, these objects can have an enormous variety of fates that they experience, and there are some fascinating intermediate and near-final states along the way. Beyond that, the unique stories of the people who made those key discoveries that have brought us to where we are can help us understand exactly how we pieced together the stellar picture of our Universe's history together. I'm so pleased to welcome Emily Levesque, professor at the University of Washington, author of The Last Stargazers, and enthusiastic lover of the Universe beyond planet Earth to the podcast. This ~80 minute episode was one of my favorites, and showcases Emily's knack for combining her vast knowledge of astronomy with her passion for sharing those stories with the entire world. Have a listen on the latest installment of the Starts With A Bang podcast! (Image credit: Emily Levesque / Perimeter Institute.)

When we think about the Universe as a whole, the accelerations that objects experience from our perspective are overwhelmingly due to the expansion of the Universe. Nearby, however, it's the local gravitational effects of nearby masses that dominate. Within our own Local Group, we've been able to discover that the Milky Way is not some quiet, massive spiral just going about its own business, but rather that it's being tugged in a variety of ways from the large masses around it, including a nearby galaxy that was only discovered in very recent years: Antlia 2. This is one of the most exciting detective stories we've gotten to uncover in recent years, as the resolution of this mystery showcases how improved, high-resolution data taken over long periods of time can enable us to witness galactic changes, directly, on the timescale of a single human lifetime. Here to walk us through what we know, how we know it, and what comes next is Prof. Sukanya Chakrabarti of the Rochester Institute of Technology, and I think you'll really enjoy what turned out to be a deep and far-ranging conversation about astronomy right in our own cosmic neighborhood! (Image credit: V. Belokurov and A. Smith; acknowledgement: Markus and Gail Davies; Robert Gendler)

When you think about how astronomy works, you probably think about observers pointing telescopes at objects, collecting data about their properties, and then analyzing that data to determine what those objects are truly like, and to infer what they can teach or show us about the Universe. But that's a rather old-fashioned way of doing things: one that's contingent on there being enough astronomers to examine all of that data manually. What do we do in this new era of big data in astronomy, where there aren't enough astronomers on Earth to even look at all of the data by hand? The way we deal with it is fascinating, and involves a mix of statistics, classical analysis and categorization, and novel techniques like machine learning and simulating mock catalogues to "train" an artificial intelligence. Perhaps the most exciting aspect is how thoroughly the best of these applications continuously outperform, in both quality and speed, any of the manual techniques we've used previously. Here to walk us through this exciting and emerging field of machine learning in astronomy is Sankalp Gilda, PhD candidate and astronomer from the University of Florida. We've got a great 90 minutes here for you, so buckle up and enjoy the ride! (Image credit: VLT Survey Image / ESO; Acknowledgement: Aniello Grado & Luca Limatola)

Swarming through our own galaxy, we've detected quite a few bizarre objects: pulsars. These rapidly spinning neutron stars are only a few kilometers across, yet contain more mass than our entire Sun. They're denser than a uranium atom's nucleus, and some of them possess the strongest magnetic fields in the known Universe. The fastest-spinning one known rotates about its axis 766 times per second, and they can travel at up to ~65% the speed of light. And outside of the ones we've found, we fully expect there might hundreds of millions or even as many as a billion such neutron stars hanging out simply in our Milky Way galaxy. But they also emit their own light, and a good chunk of that light is polarized, giving us an incredible set of information. In addition, by coordinating the pulse times of many different pulsars, we can not only detect gravitational waves, but can detect the types of waves generated by objects that LIGO and even LISA will never see. I'm so pleased to welcome Haley Wahl, pulsar specialist and PhD candidate, onto the show, and I hope you enjoy what turned out to be a fantastic conversation! (Image credit: NanoGRAV Collaboration.)