Cardionerds: A Cardiology Podcast

CardioNerds Amit and Dan are joined by Dr. Nosheen Reza, chair of the ACC FIT section, to announce the launch of the CardioNerds Case Reports: Recruitment Edition Series! In this exciting project, the CardioNerds collaborated with the ACC FIT section to invite every fellowship program to co-produce a case-based episode. Fellows from the program present and discuss a fascinating case and an expert provides the E-CPR editorial, followed by a message to applicants from the program director. We’ve asked every program to help us promote diversity in their fellow ambassadors to the CardioNerds show. We also discuss the value of podcasts and innovations in medical education, Dr. Reza’s perspectives and advice for the upcoming virtual recruitment, getting involved with the ACC as fellows-in-training (#FIT!), promoting diversity and inclusion within cardiology, and Dr. Reza’s advice for thriving during fellowship. We also introduce the brand new CardioNerds Academy! We will be growing the platform by offering a uniquely tailored and mentored experience to several future CardioNerds Fellows. Our goal is to teach our CardioNerds Fellows the ropes of med-ed podcasting through a comprehensive curriculum with dedicated mentorship. We are honored to have recruited Dr. Justin Berk as program director and Dr. Heather Kagan as associate program director. Episode graphic by Dr. Carine Hamo CardioNerds Case Reports PageCardioNerds Episode PageCardioNerds AcademySubscribe to our newsletter- The HeartbeatSupport our educational mission by becoming a Patron!Cardiology Programs Twitter Group created by Dr. Nosheen Reza Key Reference: Reza N, Krishnan S, Adusumalli S. A Model for the Career Advancement of Women Fellows and Cardiologists. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(8):996 LP – 1000. Nosheen Reza, MD Dr. Nosheen Reza is a cardiologist and translational researcher at the University of Pennsylvania focusing on advanced heart failure and transplant cardiology and cardiovascular genetics, genomics, and phenomics. She obtained her medical degree from the University of Virginia School of Medicine in 2012 and completed her internal medicine residency training at the Massachusetts General Hospital in 2015. She then completed her Cardiovascular Disease fellowship at the University of Pennsylvania in 2018 and served as 2017-2018 Chief Fellow. At Penn, Dr. Reza pursued additional scholarship in genomic medicine as an NIH T32-funded postdoctoral fellow and in healthcare quality as a Penn Benjamin & Mary Siddons Measey Fellow in Quality Improvement and Patient Safety. She completed her final year of clinical training at Penn in Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology and joined the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania in July 2020. Dr. Reza is passionate about medical education and has won many distinctions in the field throughout her training. She serves as an editorial board member for JACC: Case Reports, JACC: CardioOncology, and Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports. Dr. Reza is an active leader in the Heart Failure Society of America, American Heart Association, and American College of Cardiology at the local and national levels and volunteers on multiple leadership councils and steering committees within these organizations. CardioNerds Case Reports: Recruitment Edition Series Production Team Daniel Ambinder, MD Amit Goyal, MD Heather Kagan, MD Justin Berk, MD MPH MBA

CardioNerds (Amit Goyal & Daniel Ambinder) discuss a case report of COVID myocarditis and cardiogenic shock with Dr. Travis Howard and Dr. Zach Il’Giovine, cardiology fellows at the Cleveland Clinic. Dr. Nir Uriel, Professor of Medicine at Columbia University and Director of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital Network in New York joins to discuss COVID-19 myocarditis and management of cardiogenic shock. The CardioNerds Cardiology Case Reports series shines light on the hidden curriculum of medical storytelling. We learn together while discussing fascinating cases in this fun, engaging, and educational format. Each episode ends with an “Expert CardioNerd Perspectives & Review” (E-CPR) for a nuanced teaching from a content expert. We truly believe that hearing about a patient is the singular theme that unifies everyone at every level, from the student to the professor emeritus. Check out the Cardionerds Cardiology Case Reports Topic Page Check out the Cardionerds Topics and Episode page for all podcast episodesSupport our educational mission by becoming a Patron! Case Summary Healthy and physically fit incarcerated 49M who presents with 2 weeks of fevers, myalgias, and SOB. His past medical history includes GSW to abdomen, psoriasis not currently on medications, prior tobacco and alcohol abuse. Transferred for undifferentiated shock on norepinephrine, and was found to be in sinus tachycardia to 110 bpm, hypotensive despite vasopressor infusions with labs showing a hyperinflammatory state, multi-organ failure, and eventually found to be COVID+. The patient quickly progressed into refractory cardiogenic shock requiring VA-EMCO, as well as Impella placement for LV unloading. The patient underwent endomyocardial biopsy with electron microscopy which was notable for COVID virions in the myocardium and was diagnosed with COVID myocarditis. Interestingly, his chest CT showed normal lung parenchyma and therefore presented as isolated cardiac involvement of COVID-19. The patient improved with tocilizumab, IVIG, and steroids. Episode Producer: Colin Blumenthal, MDMedical Education Mentor: Karan Desai, MD Episode graphic by Dr. Carine Hamo The CardioNerds 5! – 5 major takeaways from the #CNCR case Diagnose Cardiogenic Shock at the Bedside!   Exam: Narrow Pulse Pressure, Labored Breathing, Cheyne-Stokes Respirations, Abdominal Bloating/Nausea, Cool Extremities, Oliguria, Altered Mental Status  If PAC available, low central (PA) mixed venous saturation (<55-60%) suggestive* of cardiogenic shock  COVID-19 can cause myocardial injury through several mechanisms  Ischemic – Supply/Demand Mismatch, Acute Plaque Rupture  Nonischemic – Stress Cardiomyopathy, Lymphocytic Infiltration, Direct Viral Cardiomyocyte Injury, Bystander Injury from Systemic Inflammation  Different forms of mechanical support give varying levels of cardiac output and pulmonary support  Consider VA-ECMO in refractory cardiogenic shock, especially if there is evidence of biventricular failure +/- pulmonary compromise  VA-ECMO may require “LV unloading” when there is high afterload leading to pulmonary congestion and/or stasis of blood flow in the LV  Myocarditis Infographic https://twitter.com/CBlumenthal2/status/1295043817855475715?s=20 References  Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19  Non-invasive imaging in the diagnosis of acute viral myocarditis  Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness: The ESCAPE Trial  Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices for Cardiogenic Shock: State of the Art  Left ventricular distension and venting strategies for patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation  Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 – Preliminary Report   Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients With Severe and Life-threatening COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial   Resources:   CardioNerds Myocarditis page  https://www.cardionerds.com/episodes/myocarditis/  Talking Tall Rounds Epsiode  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/podcasts/cardiac-consult/talking-tall-rounds-covid-19-related-myocarditis  Tall Rounds Conference  http://consultqdlive.mediaspace.kaltura.com/media/0_7llcuh5t  Colin Blumenthal, MD Karan Desai, MD Amit Goyal, MD Daniel Ambinder, MD

The CardioNerds discuss Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring with Dr. Michael Blaha, Director of Clinical Research for the Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Joining the discussion is Dr. Gabriel Shaya, cardiology fellow at the Johns Hopkins Hospital and prevention researcher. Carine Hamo, Heather Kagan and Dan Ambinder take a deep dive into the crunchy and calcified world of coronary artery disease discussing the evidence and utility of coronary artery calcium scoring as a powerful tool for individualized risk stratification of cardiovascular disease prevention. Cardionerds Cardiovascular Prevention PageCardioNerds Episode PageCardioNerds AcademyCardionerds Healy Honor Roll CardioNerds Journal ClubSubscribe to The Heartbeat Newsletter!Check out CardioNerds SWAG!Become a CardioNerds Patron! The Cardionerds CV prevention series  includes in-depth deep dives on so many prevention topics including the ABCs of prevention, approach to obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and anti-diabetes agents, personalized risk and genetic risk assessments, hyperlipidemia, women’s cardiovascular prevention, coronary calcium scoring and so much more! We are truly honored to be producing the Cardionerds CVD Prevention Series in collaboration with the American Society for Preventive Cardiology! The ASPC is an incredible resource for learning, networking, and promoting the ideals of cardiovascular prevention! This series is kicked off by a message from Dr. Amit Khera, President of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology and President of the SouthWest Affiliate of the American Heart Association. Cardionerds Cardiovascular Prevention Series References and Links https://www.mesa-nhlbi.org/CAC-Tools.aspx Blaha MJ, Blankstein R, Nasir K. Coronary Artery Calcium Scores of Zero and Establishing the Concept of Negative Risk Factors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(1):12-14. Peng AW, Mirbolouk M, Orimoloye OA, et al. Long-Term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Asymptomatic Patients With CAC ≥1,000: Results From the CAC Consortium. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(1 Pt 1):83-93. Shaya GE, Al-Mallah MH, Hung RK, et al. High Exercise Capacity Attenuates the Risk of Early Mortality After a First Myocardial Infarction: The Henry Ford Exercise Testing (FIT) Project. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(2):129-139. Dr. Michael Blaha is an Associate Professor of Cardiology and Epidemiology and presently serves as the Director of Clinical Research for the Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Dr. Blaha completed both his MD and MPH and Vanderbilt University. He then completed his Internal Medicine residency in the Osler Medical Housestaff Training Program at Johns Hopkins where he also completed fellowship training. He is an Associate Editor for the Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Associate Editor for the Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Clinical Community on acc.org and is a standing member of the Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drug Advisory Committee (EMDAC) for the FDA. He is Principal Investigator for the Coronary Artery Calcium Consortium, co-chair of the Cross-Cohort Collaboration, and a Principle Investigator for the American Heart Association (AHA) Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center. Dr. Gabriel Shaya earned both his Medical Degree and Masters of Public Health at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. He went on to complete his residency in Internal Medicine at the New York Presbyterian – Weill Cornell Medical Center. He has returned to his hometown of Baltimore for Cardiology fellowship with the intent of pursuing a career as an academic cardiologist. His clinical and research interests center on the refinement of cardiovascular risk assessment with the goal of tailoring preventive therapies to avert adverse cardiovascular events before they happen. Michael Joseph Blaha, M.D., M.P.H. Gabe Shaya, MD, MPH Carine Hamo, MD Heather Kagan, MD Daniel Ambinder, MD

JACC: Case Reports Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Julia Grapsa joins Cardionerds, Amit and Dan, to introduce a new episode series: CardioNerds Case Reports (#CNCR)! We discuss the value of learning through cases, podcasts and other innovations in education, importance of promoting wellness in medicine, the editorial review process for case reports, and being an editor-in-chief as a woman in medicine. The CardioNerds Case Reports series will shine light on the hidden curriculum of medical storytelling. We learn together while discussing fascinating cases in this fun, engaging, and educational format. Each episode ends with an “Expert CardioNerd Perspectives & Review” (E-CPR) for a nuanced teaching from a content expert. We truly believe that hearing about a patient is the singular theme that unifies everyone at every level, from the student to the professor emeritus. Take me to the Cardionerds Case Report (CNCR) Series PageTake me to the Cardionerds Episode Topics Page Episode graphic created by Dr. Carine Hamo References Grapsa J (2019) Voices in Cardiology. JACC Case Reports. Grapsa J, Fuster V (2019) JACC: Case Reports: New Era of Clinical Cases, Bridging Patients With Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. Grapsa J, Fuster V (2020) JACC: Case Reports: Moving to a Multimedia Educational Vehicle. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2006) Mindset: the new psychology of success. Choice Rev Online. Balasubramanian S, Saberi S, Yu S, Duvernoy CS, Day SM, Agarwal PP (2020) Women representation among cardiology journal editorial boards. Circulation. Dr. Julia Grapsa serves as the Editor-in-Chief of JACC: Case Reports. Dr. Grapsa worked for Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi and then she moved to UK as a a consultant cardiologist for Barts Heart Center. In March 2020, Dr. Grapsa started working as consultant cardiologist at Guys and St Thomas NHS Trust. Within the UK’s leading structural valve disease group, Dr. Grapsa is responsible for the valvular heart disease network and echocardiography, a position previously held by Professor John Chambers. Dr. Grapsa has served as chair of the young community for multimodality imaging for the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and as a member of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) education committee, leading the ESC clinical case gallery. She was responsible for ESC social media, since its birth and she has been a member of imaging and online education committees of Heart Failure Association. Prior to her role as JACC: Case Reports editor-in-chief, Dr. Grapsa served as an editorial consultant for JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. She is a fellow of the ACC, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Society of Cardiology. Julia Grapsa, MD, PhD, FACC Amit Goyal, MD Daniel Ambinder, MD

The CardioNerds discuss Lipid Management with Dr. Ann Marie Navar and Dr. Nishant Shah from Duke Medical Center, Division of Cardiology. Amit, Carine and Dan take a deep dive into the greasy world of lipids and cholesterol, covering lipid metabolism, therapeutic targets, approach across the entire spectrum of predicted risk, and key common management scenarios (statin intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, elevated LP(a)), and more. Episode 42. Lipids and Cholesterol with Drs. Drs. Ann Marie Navar and Nishant Shah Take me to the Cardionerds Cardiovascular Prevention PageTake me to episode topics page The Cardionerds CV prevention series will include in-depth deep dives on so many topics related to prevention starting with this case discussion. Stay tuned for upcoming episodes on the ABCs of prevention, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and anti-diabetes agents, personalized risk and genetic risk assessments, hyperlipidemia, women’s cardiovascular prevention, coronary calcium scoring and so much more! Key references: Toth, P. P. (2020). Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Lipoprotein(a): Unraveling the Knot That Binds Them. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 75(21), 2694–2697. Michos, E. D., McEvoy, J. W., & Blumenthal, R. S. (2019). Lipid management for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 381(16), 1557–1567. AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 73(24), e285–e350. Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Braun, L. T., Ndumele, C. E., Smith, S. C., Sperling, L. S., Virani, S. S., & Blumenthal, R. S. (2019). Use of Risk Assessment Tools to Guide Decision-Making in the Primary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Special Report from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. Circulation, 139(25), E1162–E1177. Laufs, U., Parhofer, K. G., Ginsberg, H. N., & Hegele, R. A. (2020). Clinical review on triglycerides. European Heart Journal, 41(1), 99–109. ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 74(10), 1376–1414. We are truly honored to be producing the Cardionerds CVD Prevention Series in collaboration with the American Society for Preventive Cardiology! The ASPC is an incredible resource for learning, networking, and promoting the ideals of cardiovascular prevention! This series is kicked off by a message from Dr. Amit Khera, President of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology and President of the SouthWest Affiliate of the American Heart Association. Cardionerds Cardiovascular Prevention Series Dr. Ann Marie Navar is a cardiologist and epidemiologist at the Duke Clinical Research Institute focusing on cardiovascular disease prevention. She received an MD from Duke University and a PhD in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control from the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health in 2009 before completing residency in internal medicine and pediatrics and fellowship in cardiology at Duke. Dr. Navar’s research focuses on improving cardiovascular disease prevention through better identification of at-risk populations, targeted interventions to improve quality of care and patient engagement through the electronic health record, and better treatment of hypertension and cholesterol to lower CV risk. She also studies the impact of payer-imposed barriers to novel therapies. Her areas of expertise include risk prediction, patient risk communication, real world data analyses using EHR- and claims-based datasets, and registries. She is an associate editor at JAMA-Cardiology and a board member of the American Society of Preventive Cardiology. Dr. Nishant Shah obtained his medical degree from Wake Forest University School of Medicine. He completed internal medicine residency training at the Johns Hopkins Osler Program as part of the Barker Firm. He completed his cardiology fellowship training at the Cleveland Clinic. He is currently faculty at Duke Medical Center, Division of Cardiology and is an expert in preventive cardiology as well as a member of the cardiometabolic prevention program. Dr. Shah’s research revolves around the clinical manifestations of  genetic lipid biomarkers and advanced dyslipidemias. He is also interested in ways to make impacts at the primary prevention level. Furthermore, Dr. Shah is involved in many epidemiologic and clinical trial based work with several leaders in the field. He also serves as an associate editor for the American Heart Journal. Dr. Shah is very passionate about clinical education and has won many distinctions in education throughout his training. Ann Marie Navar, MD, PhD Nishant Shah, MD Amit Goyal, MD Carine Hamo, MD Daniel Ambinder, MD

In this engaging discussion, Dr. Leslie Cho, an Interventional Cardiologist and Director of the Cleveland Clinic's Women’s Cardiovascular Center, dives into the nuances of women's cardiovascular health. She addresses common misconceptions, debunking the myth that heart disease primarily affects men. The conversation also highlights the intricate link between mental health and cardiovascular risk, alongside the impact of personal histories. Dr. Cho emphasizes the necessity for personalized care and integrating psychosocial assessments in prevention strategies.

The CardioNerds discuss The ‘ABC’s of Cardiovascular Prevention with Dr. Roger Blumenthal, Director of the Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and co-chairperson of the 2019 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Guideline on prevention of cardiovascular disease. Joining the discussion is Dr. David Feldman, Osler housestaff and first author of a beautiful State-of-the-Art review in the American Journal of Preventive Cardiology discussing a comprehensive ABCs of prevention. A: Assess Risk, Anti-Inflammatory, Aspirin B: Body weight, Blood Pressure C: Cigarette Cessation, Cholesterol D: Dream (sleep), Diet, Digital Health, Diabetes E: Exercise F: Factors of the Environment G: Genetics Take me to the Cardionerds Cardiovascular Prevention PageTake me to episode topics page Key Reference: Summarizing 2019 in Cardiovascular Prevention using the Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease’s ‘ABC’s Approach We are truly honored to be producing the Cardionerds CVD Prevention Series in collaboration with the American Society for Preventive Cardiology! The ASPC is an incredible resource for learning, networking, and promoting the ideals of cardiovascular prevention! This series is kicked off by a message from Dr. Amit Khera, President of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology and President of the SouthWest Affiliate of the American Heart Association. Dr. Roger Blumenthal is a Professor of Medicine and the Director of the Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease for which he was the principal developer. He received his medical degree from Cornell Medical College, where he was awarded the Weiss Prize for Excellence in Clinical Medicine. He completed his internal medicine and cardiology fellowship training at The Johns Hopkins Hospital before joining the Johns Hopkins cardiology faculty. Dr. Blumenthal was the most recent recipient of the Landon School Anthony Kupka Distinguished Alumnus Award. He was co-chairperson of the 2019 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Guideline on prevention of cardiovascular disease. Dr. David Feldman is a Junior Assistant Resident in the Osler Medical Residency Program at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Prior to joining the housestaff, David received his MD and MPH degrees from the University of Miami. David first joined the Ciccarone Center as a pre-doctoral fellow in 2013 under the mentorship of Drs. Roger Blumenthal and Mike Blaha. David is passionate about cardiovascular disease prevention and hopes to pursue a career in academic cardiology, with a particular interest in preventive cardiology.  Roger Scott Blumenthal, M.D. David Feldman, MD Cardionerds Cardiovascular Prevention Series Daniel Ambinder, MD Amit Goyal, MD Carine Hamo, MD

CardioNerds Amit Goyal and returning guest Dr. Zach Il’Giovine explore the patient’s perspective on cardiovascular prevention with the star patient of this series: Kanak Amin. to explore the patient perspective on cardiovascular prevention. Mr. Amin tells us about his perspectives on being a heart patient and offers important advice for both patients and providers on the. He gives us many pearls, but especially highlights the importance of diabetes education, cardiac rehabilitation, engaging loved ones, and getting to know the patient on a deeper level. Special messages from Dr. Wael Jaber and Dr. Nishant Shah, who both knew Mr. Amin as a colleague, friend, and patient. Take me to the Cardionerds Cardiovascular Prevention PageTake me to episode topics page We are truly honored to be producing the Cardionerds CVD Prevention Series in collaboration with the American Society for Preventive Cardiology! The ASPC is an incredible resource for learning, networking, and promoting the ideals of cardiovascular prevention! This series is kicked off by a message from Dr. Amit Khera, President of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology and President of the SouthWest Affiliate of the American Heart Association. Kanak Amin is the Program Manager of the Radiochemistry Nuclear Medicine program at Cleveland Clinic. His hobbies and interests include woodworking, learning Wall Street and the financial world as well as computer web design. We are so appreciative this phenomenal patient perspective on cardiovascular prevention! Dr. Zachary Il’Giovine is a general cardiology fellow at the Cleveland Clinic. He received his medical degree from the Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine before completing internal medicine training at Duke University. He has clinical interests in advanced heart failure and cardiac critical care. Outside of the hospital he loves playing soccer and spending time with his wife Clare and son Luca. Kanak Amin Nishant Shah, MD Zachary Il’Giovine, MD Amit Goyal, MD Cardionerds Cardiovascular Prevention Series

This is the first episode in an important series on cardiovascular prevention. It’s no secret that cardiovascular disease is the #1 killer worldwide; the total impact on humanity is just staggering. A focus on preventing CVD is an impetus for every cardionerd. In this episode Dan, Amit, Carine, and Heather discuss an illustrative case discussion and review the Cardionerds 2+4 paradigm of cardiovascular prevention: 2 fundamental principles of management + 4 steps in risk stratification. The Cardionerds CV prevention series will include in-depth deep dives on so many topics related to prevention starting with this case discussion. Stay tuned for upcoming episodes on the ABCs of prevention, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and anti-diabetes agents, personalized risk and genetic risk assessments, hyperlipidemia, women’s cardiovascular prevention, coronary calcium scoring and so much more! Take me to the Cardionerds Cardiovascular Prevention PageTake me to episode topics page We are truly honored to be producing the Cardionerds CVD Prevention Series in collaboration with the American Society for Preventive Cardiology! The ASPC is an incredible resource for learning, networking, and promoting the ideals of cardiovascular prevention! This series is kicked off by a message from Dr. Amit Khera, President of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology and President of the SouthWest Affiliate of the American Heart Association. TWO principles of management Emphasize healthy lifestyle for everyone regardless of risk Escalate Preventive Measures with ↑ Risk  FOUR steps of risk stratification Qualitative risk approximation – identify major risk factors and start counseling and education.  Quantitative risk estimation – use a validated model to quantify a patient’s future risk of CVD.  Identify Risk Enhancing Factors – personalize risk if patient is in the gray zones after step 2 Measure coronary artery calcium score – selectively if risk remains uncertain Cardiovascular Prevention Amit Goyal, MD Daniel Ambinder, MD Carine Hamo, MD Heather Kagan, MD

Dr. Rab Razzak, palliative care expert, discusses the importance of palliative care in heart failure management. Topics include patient-centered care, effective communication strategies, and the impact of mentorship in healthcare. Special guest Dr. Arsalan Derakhshan joins the discussion on this insightful podcast episode.