Physics World Stories Podcast

This month’s episode of the Physics World Stories podcast looks in depth at the science behind the 2022 Nobel Prize for Physics and the technologies that are emerging as a result. Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger shared this year’s award “for their experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell’s inequalities and pioneering quantum information science”. The first guest is Maksym Sich, co-founder and chief executive of Aegiq, a quantum-photonics spin-out company working on the development of secure quantum data communications and quantum photonics. Aegiq, which received a business start-up award from the Institute of Physics in 2021, has developed a high-performance source of indistinguishable single photons on demand. “The one thing that is harder than actually doing quantum mechanics is describing it verbally,” says Sich. The quantum entrepreneur gives it a go anyway and neatly explains how quantum technologies emerging today relate to the pioneering experiments of Aspect, Clauser and Zeilinger. Their work helped to demonstrate that entanglement is indeed a quantum phenomenon rather than a classical one. Later in the episode you will hear from Oscar Kennedy, a quantum engineer from Oxford Quantum Circuits (OQC), a start-up based in Reading, UK. OQC has developed a chip based on superconducting quantum bits “qubits”, which is billed as the UK’s most advanced quantum computer. In addition to explaining his company’s technology innovations, Kennedy also speaks about what it’s like day-to-day working in quantum computing. Spoiler alert: he loves it. “OQC are hiring all sorts of roles that transcend quantum information because we’re building a world-class company. So if anyone wants to join the quantum revolution, we’re always looking,” he says. You can discover much more about some of the themes in this episode by visiting the quantum section of the Physics World website, where you can also sign up to our Quantum bimonthly newsletter.

The 2022 FIFA World Cup is about to kick off in Qatar, with millions of football fans across the planet set to be gripped by sporting drama. But in the years leading up to the event, concerns have been raised over the environmental impact of the seven huge new stadia that have been built in and around Doha for the event. In this episode of Physics World Stories, podcast host Andrew Glester talks to Gilles Dufrasne from the not-for-profit organisation Carbon Market Watch. Dufrasne has co-authored a recent report that questions the claim by FIFA – football’s governing body – that the 2022 World Cup will be a carbon-neutral event. Among other things, Dufrasne discusses why the idea of “transportable stadia” is good in principle but challenging in practice. Given that most sporting events take place at the local level, Glester then catches up with representatives from local sports teams in Physics World‘s home city of Bristol, UK, to learn about their attempts to inspire more sustainable behaviours. Peter Smith from Bristol Sport talks about initiatives at Bristol City Football Club to reduce the environmental impact, which includes redistributing the first team’s excess food to local food banks during home and away matches in the second tier of English football. Later, Xeena Cooper speaks about why she founded the Bristol Dodos, a local cricket team that began life as part of the Extinction Rebellion environmental movement.

Researchers in the United Kingdom are facing an uncertain future, due to a political spat about the UK’s participation in Horizon Europe – Europe’s flagship research funding programme. Following Brexit, the UK was set to become an official associate within the scheme, which brings funding and leadership opportunities within European projects. This is now threatened by a political disagreement over trading arrangements in Northern Ireland. In this episode of the Physics World Stories podcast, science communicator Andrew Glester speaks with physical scientists affected by the issue. Rachel Armstrong, an experimental architecture researcher explains why Brexit repercussions led her to relocate from the UK to KU Leuven in Belgium. Medical physicist Karen Kirkby, based at the Christie Hospital in Manchester, explains why failure to associate with Horizon Europe will damage European partnerships developed over years. Glester also catches up with science policy researcher Graeme Reid from University College London, a former engineer who has been advising the UK government on its post-Brexit science strategy. Reid outlines the government’s recently mooted ‘Plan B’, which would involve launching an alternative national funding body. The issue, as Reid explains, is that it would take years to develop, and the UK science community is almost unanimous in its desire to remain associated with Horizon Europe. Find out more about the political debacle around the UK’s status in Horizon Europe in this analysis article by science writer Michael Allen.

A small alien creature crash lands on Earth before striking up a rapport with a boy. Sound familiar? Two decades before ET was released, Indian director Satyajit Ray wrote a script for a film that would be called The Alien, which bears striking similarities with Steven Spielberg’s Hollywood blockbuster. The movie was never made. Ray was ahead of his time in many ways. Although not primarily remembered for his science fiction, the Bengali polymath was frequently inspired by a scientific way of thinking. Ray’s legacy is revisited in this latest episode of the Physics World Stories podcast. Born in Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1921, Ray was not only a film director but also an established author, essayist, magazine editor, illustrator, calligrapher and music composer. Between 1955 and 1991, Ray directed almost 30 features, as well as short films and documentaries. Many won leading prizes at international film festivals. In 1991 he was awarded an Oscar for lifetime achievement – the only such Oscar to be bestowed on an Indian director. Ray also received an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford, the second film director to be awarded this honour after his hero Charles Chaplin. Ray’s work is explored in this episode of Physics World Stories, presented as always by science communication specialist Andrew Glester. Joining the podcast is Andrew Robinson, author of Satyajit Ray: the Inner Eye, who reflects on Ray’s personality and creative process, having known the Indian director personally. Also featuring is Moumita Dasgupta a biophysicist at Augsburg University in the US, who credits Ray’s work – especially his writing – as an inspiration for her career in science. Discover more about Satyajit Ray’s work and the story behind The Alien in Andrew Robinson’s feature article from the August issue of Physics World.

Everyone knew something big was coming. Students had camped outside CERN’s designated seminar hall overnight in the hope of grabbing one of the few unreserved seats. Finally, on the morning of 4 July 2012, the suspense was ended. Spokespeople for the large hadron collider’s two general purpose experiments, ATLAS and CMS, confirmed the rumours: both experimental teams had detected a “Higgs-like particle” and the masses were very similar. In the July episode of the Physics World Stories podcast, Andrew Glester revisits that historic day in 2012. He’s joined by two guests who were there at the particle physics lab in Geneva to live through that memorable day. Achintya Rao was a communications officer at the CMS experiment and Cristina Botta was a research scientist. Discover much more about the past, present and future of particle physics in the July issue of Physics World, a special issue to mark the 10-year anniversary of the Higgs boson discovery.

From windows and bottles, to optical fibres and solar cells, glass is an incredibly versatile material that underpins many technologies. In the June episode of the Physics World Stories podcast, Andrew Glester explores a lesser known application of glass – bioglass in healthcare. First you will hear from Julian Jones at Imperial College London, who explains how glass putty can help to heal broken bones by stimulating tissue growth. Jones has previously worked with the inventor of bioglass, Larry Hench, a materials engineer whose 1969 breakthrough was inspired by a chance conversation with an army major recently returned from the Vietnam War. Jones is currently developing “bouncy bioglass” that can stimulate bone growth while simultaneously sharing the load placed on bones – making it particularly useful for bad traumas where bones struggle to re-join. Later in the episode, Glester is joined by Martyna Michalska, a nanotechnology researcher at University College London. As part of her research, Michalska designs glass surfaces patterned with nanoscale features that can be tuned to resist unwanted bacteria. In hospital settings, surfaces could be fitted with the technology as an alternative to chemicals that bacteria can evolve to resist. Michalska is working with industrial partners and they are looking at the option of retrofitting windows and other surfaces with thin films of her nanopatterned glass. To learn more about glass-based technologies, take a look at the June issue of Physics World, a special issue inspired by the International Year of Glass (IYOG2022).

Science benefits enormously from supercomputing, which enables researchers to process vast amounts of data and conduct complex simulations. But these machines can be notorious energy guzzlers, with the largest supercomputers consuming as much power as a small city. In this episode of the Physics World Stories podcast, scientists discuss how individuals can reduce the environmental impact of supercomputing without compromising research goals. Simon Portegies Zwart, an astrophysicist at Leiden University in the Netherlands, says more efficient coding is vital for making computing greener. While for mathematician and physicist Loïc Lannelongue, the first step is for computer modellers to become more aware of their environmental impacts, which vary significantly depending on the energy mix of the country hosting the supercomputer. Lannelongue, who is based at the University of Cambridge, UK, has developed Green Algorithms, an online tool that enables researchers to estimate the carbon footprint of their computing projects. Find out more on this topic in the article “The huge carbon footprint of large-scale computing“, originally published in the March issue of Physics World.

One of longest-running physics jokes is that, despite numerous promising breakthroughs, practical nuclear fusion will forever be 30 years away. Earlier this year, there was an exciting result in the UK that suggests that – sooner or later – fusion scientists will have the last laugh. The Joint European Torus (JET) nuclear-fusion experiment based in Oxfordshire, UK, more than doubled the amount of sustained fusion energy produced in a single “shot” – smashing a previous record that JET has held since 1997. In this episode of the Physics World Stories podcast, Andrew Glester catches up with two engineers from the UK Atomic Energy Authority to learn more about this latest development. Leah Morgan, a physicist-turned-engineer explains why JET’s recent success is great news for the the ITER project – a larger experimental fusion reactor currently under construction in Cadarache, France. Later in the episode, mechanical design engineer Helena Livesey talks about the important role of robotics for accessing equipment within the extreme conditions inside a tokamak device. To hear from more scientists about the quest for practical nuclear fusion, you can also listen to this episode from Physics World’s 30th anniversary podcast series.

From Vivaldi’s “The Four Seasons” concertos to the Beatles’ “Blackbird” – musicians have always been inspired by nature. Many artists have even incorporated the sounds of nature into their songs. Now, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) are taking a more fundamental approach, exploring the music of the building blocks of life and how they interact in harmonious ways. In this episode of the Physics World Stories podcast, host Andrew Glester speaks with Markus Buehler, an MIT engineer who is translating living structures into sound – and vice versa. In one project he has created harmonies informed by the structure of spider webs, through research that could help uncover the secrets of spider silk. More recently his team translated the spike protein of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 into sound to visualize its vibrational properties. Find out more in this feature article by Markus Buehler and Mario Milazzo, originally published in the January 2022 issue of Physics World.

After decades in the making, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) finally launched on 25 December 2021, ushering in a new era for astronomy. On Monday the $10bn mission reached its destination, the L2 Lagrange point 1.5 million kilometres from Earth, where it will remain in orbit throughout the mission. In this episode of the Physics World Stories podcast, Andrew Glester meets JWST scientists to recall their experiences of the mission launch and the telescope’s journey so far. Now, the researchers are looking ahead with excitement to the science programme, which gets under way in June or July. Jonathan Gardner, the JWST’s deputy senior project scientist, describes the fierce competition among astronomers to win time to use the state-of-the-art telescope. Gardner’s own research in deep surveys will benefit as the JWST can peer back to some of the first galaxies to form after the Big Bang. Joining Gardner on the podcast is Stefanie Milam, the JWST’s deputy project scientist for planetary science. Milam describes how the telescope will explore the watery moons of Europa and Enceladus within our solar system, as well as investigating the atmospheres of exoplanets in search of intriguing chemical signals. Find out more about the JWST mission in this feature article by Keith Cooper, originally published in the January issue of Physics World.