Colloques du Collège de France - Collège de France

Mathilde TouvierSanté publique 2022-2023Collège de FranceColloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : Host Microbiome Interaction in Health and DiseaseIntervenant(s)Pr Eran Elinav, M.D., Ph.D. | Head, Systems Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science | Director, Microbiome & Cancer Division, DKFZ, Heidelberg, GermanyRésuméThe mammalian intestine contains trillions of microbes, a community that is dominated by members of the domain Bacteria but also includes members of Archaea, Eukarya, and viruses. The vast repertoire of this microbiome functions in ways that benefit the host. The mucosal immune system co-evolves with the microbiota beginning at birth, acquiring the capacity to tolerate components of the community while maintaining the capacity to respond to invading pathogens. The gut microbiota is shaped and regulated by multiple factors including our genomic composition, the local intestinal niche, and multiple environmental factors including our nutritional repertoire and bio-geographical location. Moreover, it has been recently highlighted that dysregulation of these genetic or environmental factors leads to aberrant host-microbiome interactions, ultimately predisposing to pathologies ranging from chronic inflammation, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and even cancer. We have identified various possible mechanisms participating in the reciprocal regulation between the host and the intestinal microbial ecosystem, and demonstrate that disruption of these factors, in mice and humans, leads to dysbiosis and susceptibility to common multi-factorial disease. Understanding the molecular basis of host-microbiome interactions may lead to the development of new microbiome-targeting treatments.Eran ElinavA professor Heading the Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, and since 2019 the director of the cancer-microbiome division, at the DKFZ, Germany. His labs focus on deciphering the molecular basis of host-microbiome interactions and their effects on health and disease, with a goal of personalizing medicine and nutrition. Dr. Elinav has published more than 200 publications in leading peer-reviewed journals, including major recent discoveries related to the effects of host genetics, innate immune function and environmental factors, such as dietary composition and timing, on the intestinal microbiome and its propensity to drive multi-factorial disease. His honors include multiple awards for academic excellence including the Claire and Emmanuel G. Rosenblatt Award from the American Physicians for Medicine (2011), the Alon Foundation award (2012), the Rappaport Prize for biomedical research (2015) the Levinson Award for basic science research (2016), and the Landau prize (2018). Since 2016 he is a senior fellow at the Canadian Institute For Advanced Research (CIFAR), and since 2017 he is an elected member of, the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) and an international scholar at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Mathilde TouvierSanté publique 2022-2023Collège de FranceColloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : Ultra-Processed Food and Human Health: the Thesis and The EvidenceIntervenant(s)Pr Carlos Augusto Monteiro, Full Professor, University of Sao PauloRésuméAll over the world, long-established dietary patterns based on a variety of unprocessed or minimally processed foods and freshly prepared meals made with these foods using processed culinary ingredients and some processed foods, are being displaced by ultra-processed foods. There is mounting consistent evidence from large cohort studies, and now by a randomised controlled trial, that displacement of unprocessed or minimally processed foods and freshly prepared meals by ultra-processed foods induces passive dietary energy overconsumption and increases the risk of obesity and other chronic non-communicable diseases, and of all-cause mortality. These studies also show that the ill-effects of ultra-processed foods do not depend only on the use of high amounts of fat, sugar or salt in their manufacture. Other likely mechanisms are due to ultra-processing itself such as the destruction of the food matrix and the loss of the synergy existing in the original foods between nutrients and other bioactive compounds. Or the presence of harmful substances created by high temperatures and compression or released by synthetic packaging material. Ultra-processing also depends on the use of a myriad of additives whose effects on health, cumulatively and in combination, are unknown. This is why ultra-processed foods reformulated with less salt, sugar or fat remain harmful to health. Official international and national dietary guidelines should all emphasise a great diversity of unprocessed or minimally processed foods, mostly plants, and freshly prepared meals, and clearly state that ultra-processed foods should be avoided. National dietary guidelines already do so in Brazil and a few other countries. This will benefit human health and well-being. It will also have social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits, including the support of local cooperative and family farming, retailing and catering businesses, and protection of non-renewable resources and biodiversity. Statutory policies and programmes should now be put in place, approximating to those now used to limit smoking and use of tobacco. They should also support, protect and encourage the production, distribution and consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed foods, and the preparation and enjoyment of fresh meals at home, schools, workplaces, hospitals, community facilities, and in modestly priced restaurants.Carlos Augusto MonteiroCarlos A. Monteiro, MD, PhD, is a Professor of Nutrition and Public Health at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. His research interests include new methods to assess diet quality, epidemiology of all forms of malnutrition, dietary determinants of non-communicable diseases, and food processing and human health. On these subjects, he has published more than 250 journal articles that had more than 22,000 citations in the Web of Science (H index: 72). He has served on numerous national and international nutrition expert panels and committees and, since 2010, he is a member of the WHO Nutrition Expert Advisory Group.

Mathilde TouvierSanté publique 2022-2023Collège de FranceColloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : An Exposome Perspective of Food ToxicologyIntervenant(s)Pr Robert Barouki, Professor Université Paris CitéRésuméThe exposome represents the set of exposures that can influence human health throughout life. It includes, according to Chris Wild, the external physical exposures, the psychological and social context and the regulations of the internal environment. This new concept actually encompasses all risk factors of non-genetic origin. The diet is one of the major vectors of the chemical exposome. Additional contributions followed that of Wild, specifying in a more concrete way what the exposome could correspond to. Price et al. have defined the functional exposome as corresponding to the biological impacts of the exposome. Thus bridges have been built between exposome and toxicology with the objective of 1) developing an integrated analysis of the various stresses (mixture of chemical substances, interaction diets and exposure to chemical substances, interaction between psychosocial stresses and chemical substances taking into account long-term and potentially multi-generational effects; 2) strengthen the study of the impact of environmental factors on epigenetic regulations and eventually develop epigenotoxicity tests; 3) introduce the exploration of the exposome in clinical medicine (dietary contamination, indoor air, work environment, endocrine disruptors, etc.).Robert BaroukiRobert Barouki, MD, PhD, is Professor of Biochemistry at Université Paris Cité and head of the Inserm unit T3S: "Toxicology, Therapeutic Targets, cellular Signaling and Biomarkers". He also heads the clinical metabolomics and proteomic biochemistry laboratory at the Necker Enfants malades hospital. His research is focused on the impact of environmental contaminants on human health, in particular POPs and EDCs and more generally on the links between the exposome and health. He is involved in several EU projects: HBM4EU and PARC (linking exposure to health), Heals and Neurosome (exposome), HERA (setting the research agenda in environment and health) and Oberon (EDC testing). He has also been involved in the networking of French and European research in the field of environment and health as well as in communicating scientific data to citizens.

Mathilde TouvierSanté publique 2022-2023Collège de FranceColloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : Nutritional Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases in the Omics EraIntervenant(s)Pr Frank Hu, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass., USARésuméNutritional epidemiology plays a critical role in understanding the relationship between diet and risk of chronic diseases. With recent advances in omics technologies including genomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and metagenomics, there are new opportunities to explore biological mechanisms underlying diet, metabolic pathways, and health outcomes. In my presentation, I will discuss our efforts to incorporate omics technologies especially high throughput metabolomics into our large cohort studies including the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals' Follow-up Study as well as the PREDIMED trial. The integration of omics data in nutritional epidemiology holds great promises in identifying novel biomarkers for dietary intakes and predicting future disease risk. The repeated measures of diet enable us to examine long-term relationships between dietary factors and chronic disease risk and whether these associations are mediated or modified by individuals' metabolic profiles. These analyses have the potential to facilitate more effective precision or personalized nutrition interventions. Continued efforts and collaboration are necessary to fully leverage the potential of omics data in nutritional epidemiologic research and chronic disease prevention.Franck HuDr. Frank Hu is Chair of Department of Nutrition, Fredrick J. Stare Professor of Nutrition and Epidemiology at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital. Dr. Hu received his MD from Tongji Medical College in China and MPH and PhD in Epidemiology from University of Illinois at Chicago. He completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Nutritional Epidemiology at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Dr. Hu's major research interests include epidemiology and prevention of cardiometabolic diseases through diet and lifestyle; gene-environment interactions; nutritional metabolomics; and nutrition transitions in low- and middle-income countries. Currently, he is Director of Boston Nutrition and Obesity Research Center Epidemiology and Genetics Core and Director of Dietary Biomarker Development Center at Harvard University. He has published a textbook on Obesity Epidemiology (Oxford University Press) and >1400 peer-reviewed papers with an H-index of 290. He served on the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Preventing the Global Epidemic of Cardiovascular Disease, the Obesity Guideline Expert Panel, American Heart Association Nutrition Committee, and the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, USDA/HHS. He has served on the editorial boards of Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, Diabetes Care, and Clinical Chemistry. Dr. Hu was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2015.

Mathilde TouvierSanté publique 2022-2023Collège de FranceColloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : IntroductionIntervenant(s)Mathilde Touvier, Directrice de recherche à l'Inserm, Professeure invitée du Collège de France

Esther DufloCollège de FrancePauvreté et politiques publiques2022-2023Colloque - Lutter contre la pauvreté : de la science aux politiques publiques : Closing RemarksIntervenant(s)Esther Duflo, Professeur du Collège de FranceRémy Rioux, Chief Executive, Agence française de développement

Esther DufloCollège de FrancePauvreté et politiques publiques2022-2023Colloque - Lutter contre la pauvreté : de la science aux politiques publiques : Talk by Iqbal DhaliwalIntervenant(s)Iqbal Dhaliwal, J-PAL Global Executive Director

Esther DufloCollège de FrancePauvreté et politiques publiques2022-2023Colloque - Lutter contre la pauvreté : de la science aux politiques publiques : Reflecting on the Power of Long-Term Research Partnerships: Presentations and Dialogue (2)Intervenant(s)Rema Hanna, Professor, Harvard Kennedy SchoolElan Satriawan, TNP2K, IndonesiaMiriam Laker, Research Director, GiveDirectlyTavneet Suri, Professor, MIT

Esther DufloCollège de FrancePauvreté et politiques publiques2022-2023Colloque - Lutter contre la pauvreté : de la science aux politiques publiques : Reflecting on the Power of Long-Term Research Partnerships: Presentations and Dialogue (1)Intervenant(s)Pascaline Dupas, Professor, Stanford UniversityCarol Nekesa, Co-Founder and Director, Vyxer Research Management, REMIT Kenya

Esther DufloCollège de FrancePauvreté et politiques publiques2022-2023Colloque - Lutter contre la pauvreté : de la science aux politiques publiques : Climate challenges and solutionsIntervenant(s)Robin Burgess, Professor, London School of EconomicsMichael Greenstone, Professor, University of ChicagoCina Lawson, Minister of Digital Economy and Transformation, Togo