

In Our Time
BBC Radio 4
Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.
History fans can learn about pivotal wars and societal upheavals, such as the rise and fall of Napoleon, the Sack of Rome in 1527, and the political intrigue of the Russian Revolution. Those fascinated by the lives of kings and queens can journey to Versailles to meet Marie Antoinette and Louis XIV the Sun King, or to Ancient Egypt to meet Cleopatra and Nefertiti. Or perhaps you're looking to explore the history of religion, from Buddhism's early teachings to the Protestant Reformation.
If you're interested in the stories behind iconic works of art, music and literature, dive in to discussions on the artistic genius of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel and Van Gogh's famous Sunflowers. From Gothic architecture to the works of Shakespeare, each episode of In Our Time offers new insight into humanity's cultural achievements.
Those looking to enrich their scientific knowledge can hear episodes on black holes, the Periodic Table, and classical theories of gravity, motion, evolution and relativity. Learn how the discovery of penicillin revolutionised medicine, and how the death of stars can lead to the formation of new planets.
Lovers of philosophy will find episodes on the big issues that define existence, from free will and ethics, to liberty and justice. In what ways did celebrated philosophers such as Mary Wollstonecraft and Karl Marx push forward radical new ideas? How has the concept of karma evolved from the ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism to today? What was Plato's concept of an ideal republic, and how did he explore this through the legend of the lost city of Atlantis?
In Our Time celebrates the pursuit of knowledge and the enduring power of ideas.
History fans can learn about pivotal wars and societal upheavals, such as the rise and fall of Napoleon, the Sack of Rome in 1527, and the political intrigue of the Russian Revolution. Those fascinated by the lives of kings and queens can journey to Versailles to meet Marie Antoinette and Louis XIV the Sun King, or to Ancient Egypt to meet Cleopatra and Nefertiti. Or perhaps you're looking to explore the history of religion, from Buddhism's early teachings to the Protestant Reformation.
If you're interested in the stories behind iconic works of art, music and literature, dive in to discussions on the artistic genius of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel and Van Gogh's famous Sunflowers. From Gothic architecture to the works of Shakespeare, each episode of In Our Time offers new insight into humanity's cultural achievements.
Those looking to enrich their scientific knowledge can hear episodes on black holes, the Periodic Table, and classical theories of gravity, motion, evolution and relativity. Learn how the discovery of penicillin revolutionised medicine, and how the death of stars can lead to the formation of new planets.
Lovers of philosophy will find episodes on the big issues that define existence, from free will and ethics, to liberty and justice. In what ways did celebrated philosophers such as Mary Wollstonecraft and Karl Marx push forward radical new ideas? How has the concept of karma evolved from the ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism to today? What was Plato's concept of an ideal republic, and how did he explore this through the legend of the lost city of Atlantis?
In Our Time celebrates the pursuit of knowledge and the enduring power of ideas.
Episodes
Mentioned books

Oct 25, 2012 • 42min
Fermat's Last Theorem
Mathematicians throughout history have grappled with Fermat's Last Theorem, a puzzle left behind by Pierre de Fermat in 1637. The podcast explores the challenges faced in proving this theorem, including the contributions of Andrew Wiles in finally solving the puzzle in 1995. From Pythagoras' theorem to advancements in exponent powers and unique factorization failure, the podcast delves into the fascinating world of mathematics and the interconnected realm of mathematical conjectures.

Oct 18, 2012 • 42min
Caxton and the Printing Press
Discover the life of William Caxton and his pioneering role in bringing the printing press to England. Learn about his strategic business moves, printing ventures, and how he built on Chaucer's literary legacy. Explore the evolution of printing business post-Caxton era and the impact of print on communication methods and authority of written words.

Oct 11, 2012 • 42min
Hannibal
Explore the daring military tactics of Hannibal, including the legendary Alps crossing and Battle of Trebia. Learn about his rise as Carthage's legendary general and the outbreak of hostilities in the Hannibalic War. Delve into Hannibal's audacious Alpine crossing with war elephants and his strategic military tactics against the Romans. Reflect on his legacy and mythical status as a symbol of fear and destruction.

Oct 4, 2012 • 42min
Gerald of Wales
Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the medieval scholar Gerald of Wales. Born around the middle of the twelfth century, Gerald was a cleric and courtier. For much of his life he was close to Henry II and the Church hierarchy, and wrote accounts of official journeys he made around Wales and Ireland in their service. Both Anglo-Norman and Welsh by parentage, he had a unique perspective on the political strife of his age. Gerald's Journey Around Wales and Description of Ireland are among the most colourful and informative chronicles of the Middle Ages, and had a powerful influence on later historians.With:Henrietta Leyser
Emeritus Fellow of St Peter's College, University of OxfordMichelle Brown
Professor Emerita of Medieval Manuscript Studies at the School of Advanced Study, University of LondonHuw Pryce
Professor of Welsh History at Bangor UniversityProducer: Thomas Morris.

Sep 27, 2012 • 42min
The Ontological Argument
Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Ontological Argument. In the eleventh century St Anselm of Canterbury proposed that it was possible to prove the existence of God using reason alone. His argument was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries, but was analysed and improved by later thinkers including Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz. Other philosophers have been less kind, with the Enlightenment thinker David Hume offering one possible refutation. But the debate continued, fuelled by interventions from such heavyweights as Immanuel Kant and Kurt Gödel; and it remains one of the most discussed problems in philosophy.With:John Haldane
Professor of Philosophy at the University of St AndrewsPeter Millican
Professor of Philosophy at the University of OxfordClare Carlisle
Lecturer in Philosophy of Religion at King's College LondonProducer: Thomas Morris.

Sep 20, 2012 • 42min
The Druids
The podcast delves into the mysterious world of Druids, their historical clash with Romans, the revival of Druidism in the 17th century, and the controversial archaeological findings hinting at sacrificial rituals by Druids. It explores their enigmatic language, leadership roles, and their mystical connection between gods and men.

Sep 13, 2012 • 42min
The Cell
Melvyn Bragg and guests explore the history and evolution of cells, from the first single-celled organisms to complex multicellular beings. They discuss the origins of cells on Earth, the three types of cells, the significance of cell membranes, the evolution of eukaryotic cells, and the process of protein synthesis. The conversation delves into cell specialization, evolutionary progressions, and the vital role cells play in sustaining life on our planet.

Jul 12, 2012 • 42min
Hadrian's Wall
Melvyn Bragg and guests delve into the mysteries and history of Hadrian's Wall, discussing its construction by Emperor Hadrian, its defensive purpose, and the economic impact on Roman Britain. The podcast explores the life of Hadrian, the transformation of tribal settlements into Roman towns, and the decision to build the Antonine Wall. Discover the significance and legacy of this iconic World Heritage Site.

Jul 5, 2012 • 42min
Scepticism
Discover the roots of skepticism from ancient Greece, its influence on Renaissance thinkers, and its impact on Enlightenment debates. Explore the evolution of skepticism from antiquity to modernity, including insights on David Hume's philosophical contributions. Delve into Hume's struggles with induction and skepticism, and examine skepticism's influence on scientific and political thought in the 17th century.

Jun 28, 2012 • 42min
Al-Kindi
Explore the intellectual and cultural advancements of Al-Kindi in 9th Century Baghdad, his translation work from Greek philosophy, his impact on Arabic numerals, and the bridging of philosophy and theology. Discover his noble lineage, struggles with rivals, and legacy in shaping philosophical discourse.


