Thomas Coratger
Researcher and post-quantum (PQ) team lead at the Ethereum Foundation, focusing on Lean Ethereum design and implementation for PQ signature aggregation.
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Mar 11, 2026 • 33min
lean Ethereum Part 4: leanVM, a Custom VM for Signature Aggregation
Thomas Coratger, researcher and post-quantum team lead at the Ethereum Foundation, discusses LeanVM, a minimal zkVM built for signature aggregation. They explain why a VM was chosen over fixed circuits, the tiny 4-opcode design inspired by Cairo, and implementation choices like Plonky3 and WHIR for CPU-friendly proving. Benchmarks, recursion tradeoffs, and how the project invites community contributions are also covered.
