*Apologies for the reduced quality in this episode. Nonetheless, listen and enjoy as we break down why and how the secret society existed and what the Europeans have to do with it.

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REFERENCES:

1. Leib, Elliott, and Renee Romano. "Reign of the Leopard: Ngbe Ritual." African Arts, vol. 18, no. 1, Nov. 1984, pp. 48–57, 94-96.

2. Ishemo, Shubi L. "From Africa to Cuba: An Historical Analysis of the Sociedad Secreta Abakuá (Ñañiguismo)." Review of African Political Economy, vol. 29, no. 92, Jun. 2002, pp. 253-272.

3. Ottenberg, Simon, and Linda Knudsen. "Leopard Society Masquerades: Symbolism and Diffusion." African Arts, vol. 18, no. 2, Feb. 1985, pp. 37–44, 93-95, 103-104.

4. Saint Louis Art Museum. (n.d.). Leopard Society Emblem (nkpa) [Collection object no. 38375]. Saint Louis Art Museum. Retrieved May 1, 2025, from https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/38375/

The Ekpe/Leopard Secret Society: A Lesson on Secret Governance