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Masculinity As Socially Constructed
- Masculinity is a set of social norms, not biology, shaping how men should think, feel, and behave.
- LeVant's Male Role Norms Inventory identifies seven norms like restricting emotions and self-reliance.
Two Male Profiles Linked To Violence
- Most violence is committed by men, but only a minority are hypermasculine and drive the link to aggression.
- Both very high conformity to masculine norms and shame from violating norms predict hostility and violence.
Secret Cards Revealed Masculinity Shame
- LeVant asked men to write top-secret shameful experiences and found many involved violating masculine norms.
- Men felt enormous relief when they learned others had similar shameful secrets.