Empire: World History 340. Chairman Mao: World War II, Japanese Invasion, & Massacre in Nanjing (Ep 3)
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Mar 10, 2026 
Rana Mitter, historian of modern China and Harvard professor, outlines China’s struggle during the 1937–45 war with Japan. He recounts the fall and massacre at Nanjing. He explains the Long March’s aftermath, Mao’s consolidation in Yan’an, guerrilla tactics, wartime politics, and how international aid and Soviet moves shaped the conflict’s end.
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Marco Polo Bridge Triggered World War II In Asia
- The Sino-Japanese war began on 7 July 1937 at the Marco Polo Bridge incident, marking Asia's World War II start.
- Mitter compares it to Sarajevo: a small garrison incident escalated into full-scale Japanese demands and invasion.
Japanese Imperial Justifications Explained
- Japan framed its invasion as a civilizing and imperial mission, mirroring European colonial logic.
- Mitter explains Japanese elites sought resources, status and an autarkic bloc akin to British and French empires.
Nanjing Fell With Little Defense
- Nanjing fell in December 1937 and was undefended after Chiang moved the capital; Tang Shengzhi abandoned the city the night before.
- Mitter recounts Tang slipping away and how Nanjing's lack of defense preceded the massacre and occupation.
