Front Burner Iran’s allies and foes, explained
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Mar 9, 2026 
Gregg Carlstrom, The Economist’s Middle East correspondent covering regional conflicts and politics. He breaks down strikes on Iran’s fuel and desalination infrastructure. He explains shifting Gulf reactions and Saudi-UAE calculations. He outlines Iran’s new supreme leader and Tehran’s influence over proxies. He assesses Russia and China’s limited but strategic roles.
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Fewer Attacks But More Economically Strategic Targets
- Attack volume has decreased but targeting has become more strategic toward economically vital Gulf infrastructure.
- Airports, oil refineries and gas liquefaction plants faced repeated strikes causing flight disruption and economic damage.
Gulf States Are Angry But Not Pushing For A U.S. Withdrawal
- Iran aims to inflict regional economic pain to pressure the U.S. but Gulf states have not pressured Washington to stop the campaign.
- Gulf leaders feel betrayed and angry, telling Trump they want the war to end but not on terms that leave Iran intact.
Gulf Unity Is Real But Not Uniform
- Gulf countries are not monolithic; most are aligned against Iran now but attitudes vary by exposure and ties.
- The UAE and Saudi Arabia are furious after heavy targeting, while Qatar has grown strident despite past friendly ties with Iran.