
New Books in Buddhist Studies Catherine Hartmann, "Making the Invisible Real: Practice of Seeing in Tibetan Pilgrimage" (Oxford UP, 2025)
May 9, 2025
Catherine Hartmann, Assistant Professor of Asian Religions and author of Making the Invisible Real, studies how Tibetan pilgrims learn to perceive holy mountains as divine. She discusses transforming perception, debates over sacred sites like Kailash, the role of pilgrimage guides and diaries, and how visual practices, social life, and ritual forge extraordinary ways of seeing.
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Pilgrimage Trains Vision To See Mountains As Mandalas
- Pilgrimage asks pilgrims to see a mountain not as rocks and snow but as a divine mandala.
- Tibetan texts frame this as transforming ordinary perception into an extraordinary vision like a Buddha's view, requiring deliberate practices of seeing.
The Kailash Debate Shows Seeing Is Contested Knowledge
- A 500-year debate (Sakyapandita vs. Chöjung/Chodrak Rje) hinges on whether Kailash looks like scriptural Himavat.
- Defenders argue ordinary perception differs from extraordinary (Buddha-like) perception, so textual descriptions reflect visionary seeing, not everyday sight.
Perception Is A Process Pilgrimage Intentionally Alters
- Seeing is an active, multi-step process shaped by form, feeling, recognition, habit, and consciousness (five skandhas).
- Pilgrimage interventions target these steps via directed looking, imaginal practices, moral guarding, and cultural cues to change perception.



