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Early Voyages And Founding Cities
- Alonso de Ojeda's 1499 expedition reached the Gulf and Lake Maracaibo, naming the region Venezuela.
- Rodrigo de Bastidas and others founded early ports like Santa Marta and Cartagena, seeding colonial settlement.
Creation And Early Fate Of New Granada
- The Bourbon reforms created the Viceroyalty of New Granada to better administer northern South America.
- The new viceroyalty initially failed but was reestablished in 1739 to strengthen defense and governance.
Mount Vernon’s Namesake At Cartagena
- Admiral Edward Vernon's siege of Cartagena in 1741 brought a massive British expedition.
- Yellow fever and Cartagena's defenses forced a disastrous British withdrawal.