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From Consul To Lifetime Ruler
- Napoleon used a staged referendum and public ritual to convert republican forms into lifetime rule.
- The senate's public capitulation and foreign ambassadors' presence made dictatorship appear inevitable.
Power Through Pageantry
- Napoleon recreated courtly splendor to legitimize his power and placate conservatives.
- He used ceremony, dress, and Josephine's etiquette efforts to make his regime resemble monarchy.
Recruiting Old-Regime Etiquette
- Napoleon summoned former royal court attendants to teach proper protocol for his new court.
- These same people had once risked their lives under the Revolution when associated with Louis XVI.


