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A Medical Approach to Philanthropy
- Early philanthropists shifted from simply alleviating suffering to investigating the root causes of problems.
- They adopted a medical model, aiming to isolate the "pathogen" of social ills like poverty.
The Russell Sage Foundation
- Margaret Sage established the first modern foundation, the Russell Sage Foundation, in 1907.
- This new structure, with a corporate-style charter and tax exemption, became a model for others.
Standard Oil's Ruthless Tactics
- Standard Oil, while contributing to philanthropy, used ruthless tactics to control the market.
- They drove small oil producers out of business, mirroring the plot of "There Will Be Blood."