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Reforms Spark Broad Social Backlash
- Post-Seven Years' War Bourbon reforms provoked local revolts by enforcing sales taxes and liquor monopolies.
- Reforms angered both creole elites and mixed-race lower classes by removing local control to peninsular agents.
Jesuit Expulsion Deepens Resentment
- Expulsing the Jesuits intensified resentment across Spanish America and produced protests and riots in 1767.
- Their removal damaged local networks and left lingering distrust toward metropolitan policy.
Three Antonios' Radical Plot
- The Conspiracy of the Three Antonios in Santiago (1780) planned to overthrow Spain and create an egalitarian republic.
- The plot failed, its French conspirators died en route to Spain, and José Antonio de Rojas later reappeared in 1810 events.