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Demographic Boom And Literacy Fueled Political Pressure
- Rapid population growth and rising literacy created downward wage pressure and a bigger public sphere demanding politics.
- Tim Blanning cites Berlin rising from 175,000 to 420,000 by 1848 as visible proof of urban strain.
1840s Economic Crisis Triggered Urban Unrest
- The mid-1840s were a 'perfect storm' of economic crisis driven by bad harvests, price rises, unemployment and bank failures.
- Lucy Riall links two bad harvest years (from 1845–47) to trade downturns and credit crises across Europe.
Steam And Telegraph Accelerated Revolutions
- New communications and steam power hastened the spread of revolutionary news across Europe.
- Mike Rapport notes a Lloyd steamer carried news of Vienna to Venice and telegraph sped Paris reports to other capitals.


