
New Books in Technology Christiane Tristl, "Turning Water into Commodity: Digital Innovation and the Private Sector as Development Agent" (Bristol UP, 2025)
Mar 8, 2026
Christiane Tristl, an economic geographer studying digital tech and water marketisation, discusses how private-sector innovations reshape water access in Kenya. She recounts following a Pago dispenser to reveal messy on-the-ground realities. Topics include design mismatches, data dashboards that distort local practices, and alternatives like cooperatives and degrowth-oriented applied work.
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Following One Device Reveals Development Power
- Tracing a single object reveals development dynamics more clearly than preset theories.
- Christiane Tristl followed the Pago dispenser from Denmark to Kenya to see how marketisation and tech reshape places.
Inclusion Can Mean Becoming Paying Customers
- Inclusion via marketised tech often benefits providers not users.
- Pago installations made people pay reliably while Nairobi Water captured traceable revenue and data for investors.
Local Vendors Reclaimed Revenue From Dispensers
- Local water sellers adapted by diverting or controlling the dispenser revenue.
- Some blocked the machine and distributed water with their own cards to keep preexisting incomes intact.

