
New Books in Economic and Business History César A. Hidalgo, "The Infinite Alphabet: And the Laws of Knowledge" (Allen Lane, 2026)
Mar 16, 2026
César A. Hidalgo, physicist and founder of the Center for Collective Learning, explores the laws governing how knowledge grows and spreads. He tells vivid stories from failed planned cities to China’s rise. He outlines three principles—time, space, and value—and discusses specialization, cross-disciplinary translation, policy choices, and how AI reshapes creative work.
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Knowledge Is An Infinite Alphabet
- Knowledge is an infinite alphabet of highly fragmented, non-fungible pieces rather than a single fungible thing.
- Hidalgo compares knowledge to genes that recombine, explaining why complementarity and fragmentation drive innovation patterns.
Lawyer Built A Business From One Courtroom Trick
- Charlie turned a single procedural trick—extending court dates for $50—into a legal niche and the firm Better Call Charlie.
- The story illustrates how ultra-specific procedural knowledge can create valuable local businesses.
Three Principles Govern Knowledge Dynamics
- Three classes of regularities govern knowledge: Time (learning curves), Space (diffusion speeds), and Value (which bundles are valuable).
- These principles link century-old learning-curve work to Moore's exponential growth puzzles and relatedness models.





