
The Foreign Affairs Interview What Kind of Change Is Coming to Iran?
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Jan 13, 2026 Karim Sadjadpour, a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, discusses the escalating protests in Iran and the regime's fragility. He highlights the existential nature of the current unrest, driven by economic failures and widespread discontent. Sadjadpour explains the declining influence of ideology within the regime and predicts Khamenei's violent response to maintain control. He also explores potential post-Khamenei scenarios and cautions against external military interventions that could further polarize the nation.
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Pahlavi Chanting Across Traditional Cities
- Reza Pahlavi's name is now chanted across Iran, even in conservative cities like Mashhad and Qom.
- Sadjadpour notes Pahlavi benefits from nostalgia and represents nationalist yearning among young Iranians.
Khamenei Fears Reform More Than Rebellion
- Khamenei remains a true believer who fears reform more than repression, seeing reform as accelerating collapse.
- Sadjadpour links Khamenei's stance to the Soviet-Gorbachev example as a cautionary lesson against liberalizing.
Regional Defeats Weaken Domestic Legitimacy
- Regional humiliations and military setbacks have eroded the regime's aura of competence and contributed to domestic anger.
- Sadjadpour argues battlefield failures accelerate decline for late-stage ideological dictatorships.



