#212 - The neuroscience of obesity | Stephan Guyenet, Ph.D.

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Jun 27, 2022

Stephan Guyenet, a neuroscientist and author of "The Hungry Brain," dives into the intriguing world of obesity. He discusses the historical shifts in obesity rates and the genetic and hormonal factors influencing our body weight. Guyenet critiques popular obesity theories—the carbohydrate-insulin model versus the energy balance model—while revealing how modern foods exploit our brain's pleasure centers, complicating weight management. He provides insights on the roles of leptin and the hypothalamus in regulating appetite, plus tips for leveraging neuroscience to manage weight effectively.

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INSIGHT

Carnivore Diet and LDL

The carnivore diet can cause a shift to ketogenic metabolism and, in some individuals, significantly increased LDL cholesterol.
While treatable, this potential cardiovascular risk is often downplayed by carnivore diet advocates.

ADVICE

Managing ApoB on Restrictive Diets

Treat elevated ApoB resulting from ketogenic or carnivore diets instead of dismissing its risks.
Modern medicine allows for mitigating downsides while maintaining dietary benefits.

ADVICE

Addressing Diet Downsides

Acknowledge potential downsides of any restrictive diet, be it carnivore or vegan, and address them appropriately.
Supplementing essential nutrients or seeking medical intervention can help mitigate risks.

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Stephan Guyenet is a neuroscientist focused on the neuroscience of obesity and energy homeostasis. He is the author of the book, The Hungry Brain and founder/director of Red Pen Reviews. In this episode, Stephan explains how obesity has changed phenotypically over the course of human history as well as what might explain the dramatic increase in prevalence of obesity in the last few decades. He talks in depth about the role of genetics, the brain, and hormones like leptin play in the regulation of fat mass. He dives deep into two common theories of obesity—the carbohydrate-insulin model and the energy balance model and provides his take on which theory has stronger evidence. Additionally, he provides insights on how we're hard-wired to think about food and the consequences of modern foods designed for maximal pleasure. Finally, he goes through the factors that affect body weight, set points, and provides takeaways for people wanting to take advantage of what we know about the brain's role in regulating our body weight.

We discuss:

Stephan's neuroscience background and his focus on the nuances of obesity [2:15];
How obesity has changed for humans throughout history [8:00];
The association between obesity and adverse health outcomes, the "obesity paradox," and confounders when relating BMI to longevity [14:00];
The sharp increase in obesity across demographics [23:30];
The hypothalamus and its role in obesity [30:00];
The role of the hormone leptin in obesity [40:00];
The genetic component of obesity [46:30];
Understanding the tendency of humans to store fat through an evolutionary lens [57:00];
The hedonic aspect of food, and how the brain reacts to modern, highly-rewarding foods [1:03:30];
How we are hard-wired to think about food [1:14:30];
A review of the "Carnivore diet" [1:21:45];
The energy balance model, carbohydrate-insulin model, and unifying the theories around adiposity [1:34:15];
Body weight set points: a hypothetical comparison of two individuals [1:41:45];
Takeaways for people who want to lose weight and keep it off [1:48:30];
Evidence that favors the energy balance model of weight gain [1:56:00];
The synergistic effect of fat and carbohydrates and observations that a low-fat diet or a low-carb diet can cause weight loss [2:04:30];
Red Pen Reviews [2:11:00];
More.

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