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Directory Declares War Despite Weak Forces
- The Directory declared war on Austria in March 1799 despite unprepared armies and warning signs.
- Poor logistics and understrength troops made the offensive strategically risky from the start.
Jourdan's Failed Rhine Offensive
- General Jourdan's Rhine offensive failed because fog, soggy ground, and unexpected Austrian numbers exposed French weakness.
- Tactical misjudgment and logistical shortfalls forced repeated withdrawals and split French forces.
Schérer's Disastrous Italian Campaign
- In Italy, General Schérer's dispersed attack left him without reserves and exposed to encirclement.
- His retreats surrendered huge territory and prompted suspicion and leadership changes.