New Books in Economic and Business History

Steffan Blayney, "Health and Efficiency: Fatigue, the Science of Work, and the Making of the Working-Class Body" (Activist Studies of Science, 2022)

Mar 23, 2026
Steffan Blayney, a historian and former Wellcome Trust Research Fellow, explores how late 19th–early 20th century science recast the worker as a machine. He discusses thermodynamic and time-motion models, fatigue reframed as pathology, the spread of efficiency into everyday life, parallels with modern productivity culture, and how workers and unions pushed back against these logics.
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INSIGHT

Body As Machine Shifted Health Thinking

  • Health began to be framed as improvable machinery rather than fixed divine creation.
  • Blayney links 19th-century thermodynamics and the human motor idea to physicians seeing bodies as engines to be optimized.
INSIGHT

Fatigue Reframed As Pathology To Be Eliminated

  • Fatigue was recast from a natural consequence of long hours into a pathology and obstacle to efficiency.
  • The machine/motor analogy pushed physicians and engineers to seek incremental efficiency gains in the working body.
ADVICE

Prioritize Justice Over Health Framing In Demands

  • Avoid framing workplace demands solely in health or productivity terms because it hands authority to external experts.
  • Blayney suggests prioritizing justice, fairness, and democratic control over work rather than only health-based claims.
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