Witness History

Toxic shock syndrome and tampon safety

Feb 17, 2026
Nancy King-Ream, researcher and professor emerita in nursing who led independent tampon testing in the early 1980s. She recounts the TSS outbreak, the FDA tampon task force, and how lab testing of absorbency and realistic menstrual fluid led to new national standards. The story covers testing methods, industry pushback, and lasting changes to tampon labeling and safety.
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INSIGHT

TSS Linked To Tampon Use

  • Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) cases in 1980 were concentrated among tampon users and caused many deaths.
  • The CDC statistically linked the superabsorbent Rely tampon to several fatal TSS cases, prompting recalls and lawsuits.
ANECDOTE

Joining The Tampon Task Force

  • Nancy King-Ream recounted joining the FDA Tampon Task Force to run independent lab testing.
  • She described the task force meeting atmosphere as formal and tense compared with her and Esther Rome's relaxed presence.
ANECDOTE

Rely's Design Caused Problems

  • The Rely tampon contained carboxymethylcellulose and foam chips that expanded and absorbed a lot of fluid.
  • Women found them hard to remove because they absorbed vaginal moisture and swelled, which likely increased TSS risk.
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