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Apostasy As An Inner Condition
- Al-Ghazali reconceptualizes apostasy as an inner disposition called clandestine apostasy (zannadika), not only public renunciation.
- He claims those who secretly hold certain views can be executed because they remain Muslim in appearance but not in doctrinal reality.
Three Doctrines Beyond Tolerance
- Al-Ghazali lists three philosopher doctrines he deems intolerable: the world's eternity, God's ignorance of particulars, and denial of bodily resurrection.
- He argues teachers of these doctrines qualify as clandestine apostates and may be killed if they propagate them.
Theological Views Threaten Social Order
- Al-Ghazali ties the denial of God's knowledge of particulars and bodily resurrection to weakening moral and legal order.
- He fears these views would erode observance of Sharia by removing incentives for moral behavior.