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Kant's Elevation of Hope
- Kant elevated hope, linking it to his concept of practical reason and ethics.
- He saw hope as bridging the gap between moral ends and their attainability, motivating action.
Nietzsche on Hope
- The young Nietzsche, like Hesiod, viewed hope as an evil, deceptive, and hiding life's true nature.
- Later, he saw hope's deception as potentially good, enabling life and transfiguring the present.
Kierkegaard's Hope
- Luther linked hope and despair; Kierkegaard revisited it, distinguishing between shallow optimism and serious hope.
- True hope, for Kierkegaard, emerges from hardship and adversity, focusing on the eternal.