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How Monteverde Ended The First Republic
- The fall of the First Venezuelan Republic followed surrender, broken promises, arrests, confiscation of property, and closed ports that trapped republicans.
- Monteverde's initial pledges of mercy were quickly abandoned, forcing patriots into exile or clandestine escape to islands like Curaçao and Trinidad.
Cartagena Manifesto Diagnoses Failure
- Bolívar resolved that fragmented, decentralized constitutions were fatal in wartime and argued for strong central government and a professional army.
- He wrote the Cartagena Manifesto diagnosing Venezuela's fall as due to federalism, militia reliance, lenient leaders, and internal divisions.
Use Relentless Offensives Not Cautious Defense
- Do favor aggressive, fast-paced offensives rather than cautious defense in revolutionary warfare.
- Bolívar's Magdalena campaign used surprise river assaults and relentless movement to clear 300 miles of royalists in 15 days.