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Spinoza's Metaphysics
- Spinoza's metaphysics condense to: Being is one, or the many is one.
- Everything is interconnected; we are all modes of one substance, nature.
Universe's Structure
- Spinoza divides the universe into substance, attributes, and modes.
- Substance is independent, attributes are how we experience it (thought and extension), and modes are its forms.
Nature as Substance
- A true substance must be independent, leading Spinoza to conclude there's only one: Nature.
- Everything else is a mode, a different form or shape of this single substance.


