Hyperfocus with Rae Jacobson

Conduct disorder: A controversial diagnosis with lifelong consequences

Feb 12, 2026
Dr. Kristin Carothers, a licensed clinical psychologist who studies race and context in diagnosis, discusses conduct disorder as a high-stakes label. She explains what the diagnosis includes and how it differs from other behavior concerns. They explore racial disparities, adultification, age-related outcomes, and when careful, multi-source evaluation and evidence-based treatment matter most.
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INSIGHT

Conduct Disorder Defined And Distinguished

  • Conduct disorder (CD) describes persistent behaviors that harm others and a core lack of empathy or perspective-taking.
  • Kristin Carothers warns CD is not ADHD or depression and should not be diagnosed lightly.
INSIGHT

Diagnosis Is Not Neutral

  • Diagnosis is shaped by clinician bias and social context, so labels are not neutral.
  • Research shows Black children are more often labeled with CD while white peers with similar symptoms get ADHD diagnoses.
INSIGHT

Where CD Sits On The Behavior Spectrum

  • CD sits at the extreme end of disruptive behavioral disorders and is distinct from oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).
  • With CD behaviors cross settings and include aggression, theft, or cruelty to people or animals.
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