Thinking Christianly

#48: God, Universals, and the Nature of Reality: The Realism/Nominalism Debate, Part 4 (with special guest Paul Gould, Ph.D)

77 snips
Mar 15, 2026
Paul Gould, Ph.D., philosopher specializing in metaphysics and theism, unpacks divine conceptualism and its ties to realism and nominalism. He explores abstract objects in the divine mind, divine exemplarism, and how Platonic ideas aid theological reasoning. The conversation also tackles divine simplicity, aseity, and what God’s creativity means for eternal truths.
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INSIGHT

Concepts Are Not The Same As Properties

  • Concepts and properties differ: concepts are intentional and mediatory, properties structure reality and are non-intentional.
  • J.P. Moreland and Paul Gould argue this blocks a simple identification of properties with divine concepts.
INSIGHT

Make Abstract Objects Creatively Dependent On God

  • Platonism and traditional theism can be reconciled by treating abstract objects as dependent on divine creative activity rather than metaphysically independent.
  • Paul Gould argues for an account of eternal divine creation to make abstract objects dependent on God.
INSIGHT

Distinguish Creation Into Bringing And Sustaining

  • Distinguish two types of creation: bringing into being and sustaining in being; God eternally sustains necessary entities.
  • J.P. Moreland frames strong necessity as dependency while maintaining divine aseity by God's sustaining activity.
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