Refractory Headache Disorders, New Consensus, and Emergency Department Migraine Guidelines - Part 2

Mar 17, 2026

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In the second part of this series, Dr. Tesha Monteith and Dr. Jennifer Robblee discuss updates to the emergency room recommendations for the acute treatment of migraines.

Show citations:

Robblee J, Minen MT, Friedman BW, Cortel-LeBlanc MA, Cortel-LeBlanc A, Orr SL. 2025 Guideline Update to Acute Treatment of Migraine for Adults in the Emergency Department: The American Headache Society Evidence Assessment of Parenteral Pharmacotherapies. Headache. 2026;66(1):53-76. doi:10.1111/head.70016

Robblee J, Khan FA, Marmura MJ, et al. Reaching International Consensus on the Definition of Refractory Migraine Using the Delphi Method. Cephalalgia. 2025;45(9):3331024251367767. doi:10.1177/03331024251367767

Show transcript:

Dr. Tesha Monteith:

Hi, this is Tesha Monteith with the Neurology Minute. I've just been speaking with Jennifer Robblee about her exciting work, defining refractory migraine with an international consensus, as well as her work with the American Headache Society on a guideline update for parental pharmacotherapies for migraine in the emergency department.

So Jennifer, we've just been chatting on the podcast about all the great work out of the American Headache Society, updating the emergency room recommendations for acute treatment of migraine. Can you give a summary of those findings?

Dr. Jennifer Robblee:

We looked at all of the new data for randomized control trials in the emergency room. We found 26 new trials, and several of those were actually a class one study that we felt had a low risk of bias. And from that, we applied the grading.

So we actually have two grade A medications where it is that you must offer, of course, to the appropriate patient. And that's prochlorperazine IV, and greater occipital nerve blocks. Now, there's also a grade A must not offer, and that's IV hydromorphone.

Then we have some grade B, which is should offer, and that's dexketoprofen, ketorolac, metaclopramide, sumatriptan subcutaneous, and supraorbital nerve blocks. So really exciting that we have lots of things that we can now say we have pretty good evidence or very good evidence to offer them to our patients.

Dr. Tesha Monteith:

Great. It's always nice to see this update based on evidence.

Dr. Jennifer Robblee:

Yes, I think it's so important, because right now when we see patients, and I'm sure you get this all the time, they come back, say they were in the emergency room for a severe headache and they got a migraine cocktail. And you're like, "Do you know what you were given?" And they say, "I don't know. I was just told it's a migraine cocktail."

And as you know, that mean many, many different things. And when you are able to pull the records, it is many, many different things that a migraine cocktail can mean. So I'm hoping that this can start to standardize what we're actually giving our patients as we await more trials in the future that might start to tell us what that combo of treatments really should be. For right now, these at least tell us what individual treatments have the best evidence.

Dr. Tesha Monteith:

Thanks so much, Jennifer.