New Books in the History of Science

César A. Hidalgo, "The Infinite Alphabet: And the Laws of Knowledge" (Allen Lane, 2026)

Mar 16, 2026
César A. Hidalgo, physicist and economic-complexity scholar, explores the 'infinite alphabet' of knowledge. He outlines three laws governing how knowledge grows, diffuses across places and networks, and gains value. Stories range from postwar industry twists to failed knowledge cities and China’s local innovation. He also discusses types of knowledge, relatedness models, and AI’s effects on creative and routine work.
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INSIGHT

Knowledge Is An Infinite Alphabet

  • Knowledge is an infinite, highly fragmented alphabet rather than a single fungible resource.
  • César Hidalgo frames economic complexity as recombining many unique knowledge 'letters', which explains uneven innovation and diffusion.
ANECDOTE

Lawyer Built A Business From One Narrow Procedure

  • Charlie turned being fired into a niche law business by charging $50 to extend court cases in Florida.
  • César Hidalgo uses this airport story to show how extremely specific procedural knowledge can create valuable firms.
INSIGHT

Learning Curves Versus Exponential Industry Growth

  • Learning curves show fast gains then diminishing returns at individual/team scale, yet industries can exhibit sustained exponential growth.
  • Hidalgo connects Thurston/Wright learning curves to Moore's exponential observation and multi-curve compounding.
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