Law School Criminal Law Bar Exam Essentials (Lecture 5)
Criminal Law Bar Exam Essentials
This document provides a focused review of "Introduction to Criminal Law Bar Exam Preparation," emphasizing key areas for the Multistate Bar Exam (MBE).
I. Core Principles of Criminal Liability
A. Actus Reus (The Guilty Act): The voluntary physical act or unlawful omission that forms the basis of a crime. Involuntary actions, such as reflexes, do not qualify.
Example: A person who moves involuntarily during a seizure is not criminally liable for any resulting harm.
B. Mens Rea (The Guilty Mind): The defendant's mental state at the time of the offense. Key mental states include:
Intent: A purposeful decision to achieve a prohibited outcome.
Recklessness: Conscious disregard of a substantial risk.
Negligence: Failure to perceive a substantial risk that a reasonable person would recognize.
Strict Liability: Liability based on the act itself, regardless of mental state.
C. Concurrence: The actus reus and mens rea must occur simultaneously. The intent must align with the harmful act.
Example: If a person intends to harm someone but accidentally causes harm through an unrelated action, concurrence may not be established.
D. Causation:
Factual Causation: The defendant's actions are the direct cause of the harm ("but for" test).
Proximate Causation: The harm must be a foreseeable consequence of the defendant's actions. Unforeseeable intervening acts can break the chain of causation.
II. Categories of Crimes
The source material classifies crimes into three primary categories:
A. Crimes Against Persons:
Homicide: The unlawful killing of another person, with varying degrees based on intent and premeditation (e.g., first-degree murder, second-degree murder, manslaughter, felony murder).
Assault and Battery: Assault involves a threat or attempt to cause harm, while battery is the unlawful physical contact resulting in harm.
Sexual Offenses: Crimes such as rape (non-consensual sexual intercourse) and statutory rape (intercourse with a minor regardless of consent).
B. Crimes Against Property:
Larceny: Theft with the intent to permanently deprive the owner of their property.
Burglary: Unlawful entry with the intent to commit a crime.
Robbery: Theft involving force or the threat of force.
Embezzlement: Misappropriation of property by someone in a position of trust.
Arson: Intentional and malicious burning of property.
C. Crimes Against Public Order:
Disorderly Conduct: Acts disrupting the public peace.
Drug Offenses: Possession, distribution, or manufacture of controlled substances.
Weapons Offenses: Illegal possession or use of firearms or other weapons.
III. Inchoate Offenses (Incomplete Crimes)
A. Attempt: Taking substantial steps toward committing a crime with the intent to complete it. Mere preparation is insufficient.
B. Conspiracy: An agreement between two or more people to commit a crime, with at least one overt act in furtherance of the crime.
C. Solicitation: Encouraging another person to commit a crime, whether or not the crime is actually committed.
IV. Defenses
A. Justifications: Defenses asserting that the defendant's actions were justified under the circumstances:
Self-Defense: Using reasonable force to protect oneself from imminent harm.
Defense of Others: Using reasonable force to protect another person from imminent harm.
Necessity: Committing a crime to prevent a greater harm.
B. Excuses: Defenses arguing that the defendant should not be held responsible due to the circumstances:
Insanity: Mental illness preventing understanding of the act's nature or wrongfulness.
Duress: Committing a crime under threat of immediate harm.
Intoxication: Voluntary intoxication is rarely a defense, while involuntary intoxication may negate mens rea.
C. Procedural Defenses: Defenses focusing on procedural errors or rights violations:
Entrapment: Induced by law enforcement to commit a crime not otherwise contemplated.
Double Jeopardy: Protection against being tried twice for the same offense.