MCAT Basics (from MedSchoolCoach) The Endocrine System
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Jan 22, 2026 Dive into the intricate world of hormones and the endocrine system! Discover the differences between peptide, steroid, and lipid-derived hormones. Learn how the hypothalamus links our nervous and endocrine systems. Unpack key functions of glands like the pituitary and thyroid, including their roles in conditions like diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and hypogonadism. Get insights on hormone action mechanisms and the body’s fight against autoimmune disorders. It's a fascinating journey through the body’s chemical messengers!
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Gonads And Pineal Hormones
- The pineal gland secretes melatonin to regulate sleep, while testes and ovaries produce testosterone and estrogen for sexual development.
- Both male and female gonads contribute to systemic sex hormone levels (ovaries produce some testosterone).
Calcium Balance: PTH Versus Calcitonin
- Parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium by stimulating bone breakdown, while thyroid calcitonin lowers calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts.
- The thyroid also secretes T3 and T4, key regulators of metabolic rate.
Adrenal Outputs: Fight, Salt, And Stress
- Adrenal glands produce catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) and steroid hormones like aldosterone and cortisol.
- Aldosterone controls sodium/water retention; cortisol raises blood sugar and mediates stress responses.