Episode 149: Strength, Hypertrophy and Training Research Update from the REC Conference by Discover Strength 2022

• Overview of the REC Conference (Speakers are named in the audio)
• Long-term effects of strength training: research and findings
• Good to Go: What the Athlete in All of Us Can Learn from the Strange Science of Recovery by Christine Aschwanden
  • Recovery as a business
  • Does more recovery work = the ability to train more?
  • Top recovery methods
• How to use social media
• Your brand as a business
• Time-efficient strategies for training
• Multi-joint vs. single-joint exercises of hypertrophy
• The minimum effective dose for increases in strength
• Protein around a workout and how beneficial is supplementing protein
• Training to failure and hypertrophy gains
• Hormone hypothesis
• The role of effort with supervision in resistance training: failure vs. non-failure
• Review on variations of exercise
• Mentioned article: Does Lifting Boost Testosterone – at T-Nation

The Flex Diet Podcast is brought to you by the Flex Diet Certification. Go to https://flexdiet.com/ for 8 interventions on nutrition and recovery. The course will open again in June 2022.

Speaker Information

Dr James Fisher

Dr Brad Broenfeld (Schoenfeld)

Dr Stu Phillips

Dr James Steele

Andrew Coates

Kristin Rowell 

Luke Carlson

Discover Strength 

Dr Pak

Christie Aschwanden

Selected References

Androulakis-Korakakis, P., Michalopoulos, N., Fisher, J. P., Keogh, J., Loenneke, J. P., Helms, E., . . . Steele, J. (2021). The Minimum Effective Training Dose Required for 1RM Strength in Powerlifters. Front Sports Act Living, 3, 713655. doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.713655

Angleri, V., Damas, F., Phillips, S. M., Selistre-de-Araujo, H. S., Cornachione, A. S., Stotzer, U. S., . . . Libardi, C. A. (2022). Resistance training variable manipulations are less relevant than intrinsic biology in affecting muscle fiber hypertrophy. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 32(5), 821-832. doi:10.1111/sms.14134

Barbalho, M., Coswig, V. S., Steele, J., Fisher, J. P., Giessing, J., & Gentil, P. (2020). Evidence of a Ceiling Effect for Training Volume in Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength in Trained Men - Less is More? Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 15(2), 268-277. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0914

Behm, D. G., Alizadeh, S., Hadjizedah Anvar, S., Hanlon, C., Ramsay, E., Mahmoud, M. M. I., . . . Steele, J. (2021). Non-local Muscle Fatigue Effects on Muscle Strength, Power, and Endurance in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med, 51(9), 1893-1907. doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01456-3

Burd, N. A., Mitchell, C. J., Churchward-Venne, T. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2012). Bigger weights may not beget bigger muscles: evidence from acute muscle protein synthetic responses after resistance exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 37(3), 551-554. doi:10.1139/h2012-022

Burd, N. A., Moore, D. R., Mitchell, C. J., & Phillips, S. M. (2013). Big claims for big weights but with little evidence. Eur J Appl Physiol, 113(1), 267-268. doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2527-1

Burd, N. A., West, D. W., Staples, A. W., Atherton, P. J., Baker, J. M., Moore, D. R., . . . Phillips, S. M. (2010). Low-load high volume resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis more than high-load low volume resistance exercise in young men. PLoS One, 5(8), e12033. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012033

Carlson, L., Gschneidner, D., Steele, J., & Fisher, J. P. (2022). Short-term supervised virtual training maintains intensity of effort and represents an efficacious alternative to traditional studio-based, supervised strength training. Physiol Behav, 249, 113748. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113748

Farrow, J., Steele, J., Behm, D. G., Skivington, M., & Fisher, J. P. (2021). Lighter-Load Exercise Produces Greater Acute- and Prolonged-Fatigue in Exercised and Non-Exercised Limbs. Res Q Exerc Sport, 92(3), 369-379. doi:10.1080/02701367.2020.1734521

Gomes, G. K., Franco, C. M., Nunes, P. R. P., & Orsatti, F. L. (2019). High-Frequency Resistance Training Is Not More Effective Than Low-Frequency Resistance Training in Increasing Muscle Mass and Strength in Well-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res, 33 Suppl 1, S130-S139. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002559

Grgic, J., Lazinica, B., Mikulic, P., Krieger, J. W., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2017). The effects of short versus long inter-set rest intervals in resistance training on measures of muscle hypertrophy: A systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci, 17(8), 983-993. doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1340524

Grgic, J., Schoenfeld, B. J., Davies, T. B., Lazinica, B., Krieger, J. W., & Pedisic, Z. (2018). Effect of Resistance Training Frequency on Gains in Muscular Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med, 48(5), 1207-1220. doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0872-x

Henselmans, M., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2014). The effect of inter-set rest intervals on resistance exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy. Sports Med, 44(12), 1635-1643. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0228-0

Iversen, V. M., Norum, M., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Fimland, M. S. (2021). No Time to Lift? Designing Time-Efficient Training Programs for Strength and Hypertrophy: A Narrative Review. Sports Med, 51(10), 2079-2095. doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01490-1

Lim, C., Nunes, E. A., Currier, B. S., McLeod, J. C., Thomas, A. C. Q., & Phillips, S. M. (2022). An Evidence-based Narrative Review of Mechanisms of Resistance Exercise-induced Human Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002929

McKendry, J., Stokes, T., McLeod, J. C., & Phillips, S. M. (2021). Resistance Exercise, Aging, Disuse, and Muscle Protein Metabolism. Compr Physiol, 11(3), 2249-2278. doi:10.1002/cphy.c200029

Mitchell, C. J., Churchward-Venne, T. A., West, D. W., Burd, N. A., Breen, L., Baker, S. K., & Phillips, S. M. (2012). Resistance exercise load does not determine training-mediated hypertrophic gains in young men. J Appl Physiol (1985), 113(1), 71-77. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00307.2012

Morton, R. W., Oikawa, S. Y., Wavell, C. G., Mazara, N., McGlory, C., Quadrilatero, J., . . . Phillips, S. M. (2016). Neither load nor systemic hormones determine resistance training-mediated hypertrophy or strength gains in resistance-trained young men. J Appl Physiol (1985), 121(1), 129-138. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00154.2016

Morton, R. W., Sonne, M. W., Farias Zuniga, A., Mohammad, I. Y. Z., Jones, A., McGlory, C., . . . Phillips, S. M. (2019). Muscle fibre activation is unaffected by load and repetition duration when resistance exercise is performed to task failure. J Physiol, 597(17), 4601-4613. doi:10.1113/JP278056

Nunes, E. A., Colenso-Semple, L., McKellar, S. R., Yau, T., Ali, M. U., Fitzpatrick-Lewis, D., . . . Phillips, S. M. (2022). Systematic review and meta-analysis of protein intake to support muscle mass and function in healthy adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 13(2), 795-810. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12922

Nunes, J. P., Schoenfeld, B. J., Nakamura, M., Ribeiro, A. S., Cunha, P. M., & Cyrino, E. S. (2020). Does stretch training induce muscle hypertrophy in humans? A review of the literature. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 40(3), 148-156. doi:10.1111/cpf.12622

Phillips, S. M. (2014). A brief review of critical processes in exercise-induced muscular hypertrophy. Sports Med, 44 Suppl 1, S71-77. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0152-3

Phillips, S. M., & Van Loon, L. J. (2011). Dietary protein for athletes: from requirements to optimum adaptation. J Sports Sci, 29 Suppl 1, S29-38. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.619204

Santos, W., Vieira, C. A., Bottaro, M., Nunes, V. A., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Steele, J., . . . Gentil, P. (2021). Resistance Training Performed to Failure or Not to Failure Results in Similar Total Volume, but With Different Fatigue and Discomfort Levels. J Strength Cond Res, 35(5), 1372-1379. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002915

Saric, J., Lisica, D., Orlic, I., Grgic, J., Krieger, J. W., Vuk, S., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2019). Resistance Training Frequencies of 3 and 6 Times Per Week Produce Similar Muscular Adaptations in Resistance-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res, 33 Suppl 1, S122-S129. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002909

Schoenfeld, B. J. (2010). The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. J Strength Cond Res, 24(10), 2857-2872. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e840f3

Schoenfeld, B. J., Contreras, B., Krieger, J., Grgic, J., Delcastillo, K., Belliard, R., & Alto, A. (2019). Resistance Training Volume Enhances Muscle Hypertrophy but Not Strength in Trained Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 51(1), 94-103. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001764

Schoenfeld, B. J., Grgic, J., Contreras, B., Delcastillo, K., Alto, A., Haun, C., . . . Vigotsky, A. D. (2019). To Flex or Rest: Does Adding No-Load Isometric Actions to the Inter-Set Rest Period in Resistance Training Enhance Muscular Adaptations? A Randomized-Controlled Trial. Front Physiol, 10, 1571. doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01571

Schoenfeld, B. J., Grgic, J., & Krieger, J. (2019). How many times per week should a muscle be trained to maximize muscle hypertrophy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining the effects of resistance training frequency. J Sports Sci, 37(11), 1286-1295. doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1555906

Schoenfeld, B. J., Ogborn, D., & Krieger, J. W. (2017a). The dose-response relationship between resistance training volume and muscle hypertrophy: are there really still any doubts? J Sports Sci, 35(20), 1985-1987. doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1243800

Schoenfeld, B. J., Ogborn, D., & Krieger, J. W. (2017b). Dose-response relationship between weekly resistance training volume and increases in muscle mass: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci, 35(11), 1073-1082. doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1210197

Schoenfeld, B. J., Ogborn, D. I., & Krieger, J. W. (2015). Effect of repetition duration during resistance training on muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med, 45(4), 577-585. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0304-0

Schoenfeld, B. J., Pope, Z. K., Benik, F. M., Hester, G. M., Sellers, J., Nooner, J. L., . . . Krieger, J. W. (2016). Longer Interset Rest Periods Enhance Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy in Resistance-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res, 30(7), 1805-1812. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001272

Steele, J., Androulakis-Korakakis, P., Carlson, L., Williams, D., Phillips, S., Smith, D., . . . Fisher, J. P. (2021). The Impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Related Public-Health Measures on Training Behaviours of Individuals Previously Participating in Resistance Training: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Sports Med, 51(7), 1561-1580. doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01438-5

West, D. W., Burd, N. A., Staples, A. W., & Phillips, S. M. (2010). Human exercise-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy is an intrinsic process. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 42(9), 1371-1375. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2010.05.012

West, D. W., Burd, N. A., Tang, J. E., Moore, D. R., Staples, A. W., Holwerda, A. M., . . . Phillips, S. M. (2010). Elevations in ostensibly anabolic hormones with resistance exercise enhance neither training-induced muscle hypertrophy nor strength of the elbow flexors. J Appl Physiol (1985), 108(1), 60-67. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01147.2009

West, D. W., Cotie, L. M., Mitchell, C. J., Churchward-Venne, T. A., MacDonald, M. J., & Phillips, S. M. (2013). Resistance exercise order does not determine postexercise delivery of testosterone, growth hormone, and IGF-1 to skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 38(2), 220-226. doi:10.1139/apnm-2012-0397