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Computers Are More Than Turing Machines
- A computer can be any machine that stores numbers and operates on them automatically, not just Turing-complete digital devices.
- Fluidic machines store values as water volume or flow and run equations via pumps, valves, floats and gravity, making them legitimate computing systems.
Phillips Built MONIAC To Visualize Economies
- William Phillips built MONIAC in 1949 to model the English economy using clear tanks, tubes, a pump and dyed water to represent money flows.
- He used floats, proportional drains and valves to implement taxation, imports and feedback so observers could watch economic dynamics in real time.
MONIAC Mixed Level Readouts And Flow Inputs
- MONIAC represented some variables as tank levels and others as flows, mixing analogue readouts with adjustable inputs like taxation valves.
- It provided qualitative visualization and limited quantitative accuracy, aiding understanding rather than replacing numerical calculators.


