
The Red Nation Podcast Drug Cartels do not exist w/Oswaldo Zavala and Alex Aviña
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Mar 2, 2026 Alex Aviña, an ASU history professor who traces the transnational roots of the war on drugs, and Oswaldo Zavala, a scholar-journalist studying narcotrafficking discourse and militarization, unpack how state narratives and U.S.-Mexico flows shape violence. They discuss manufactured "Mr. Big" myths, militarized counterinsurgency tactics, media sensationalism, transnational arms and policy flows, and links between extraction and depopulation.
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Cartel Language Was Built To Justify Militarization
- The language of cartels and narco-terrorism was manufactured to justify militarization of Mexico.
- Oswaldo Zavala traces terms like cartel and sicario to official U.S. and Mexican campaigns aimed at legitimizing state violence in the 1990s.
1990s Mythmaking Created Boss Figures
- The 1990s saw a deliberate elevation of traffickers into larger-than-life 'boss of bosses' figures that filled a narrative vacuum.
- Oswaldo explains the Amado Carrillo Fuentes mythology and how media and institutions recycled the 'jefe de jefes' trope to sustain the drug war cycle.
Militarized Policy Creates Stronger Trafficking Structures
- State militarization often produces the organizational structures it claims to be fighting.
- Alex Aviña argues hierarchical cartel structures can be a reactive product of heavy-handed interdiction and counterinsurgency tactics, not their original cause.




