The Index Effect and Rebalancing Costs

What if the decades-long debate between active and passive investing wasn't really a debate—but a data problem?

In this episode, Ben Felix and Cameron Passmore are joined by Tim Edwards, Managing Director and Global Head of Index Investment Strategy at S&P Dow Jones Indices, for a deep dive into the SPIVA Scorecard—the industry's most enduring and data-driven comparison of active versus passive investing.

Tim explains how SPIVA has evolved over 25 years, why survivorship bias matters more than most investors realize, and what the data consistently shows across markets: most active funds underperform their benchmarks—especially over longer time horizons.

The conversation goes beyond the headline results, exploring persistence (or lack thereof) in manager performance, why bond funds don't escape the same fate, and whether combining active funds improves outcomes (spoiler: not really). They also tackle common critiques of indexing, including index rebalancing costs, IPO inclusion concerns, and the role of index funds in market concentration.

Key Points From This Episode:

(0:00:17) Introduction to the SPIVA report and its long-standing role in the indexing vs. active debate (0:01:18) Overview of the episode: SPIVA, index behavior, IPOs, and market concentration (0:03:30) What SPIVA is and how it measures active fund performance versus benchmarks (0:04:14) Why SPIVA was created: to inform—not settle—the active vs. passive debate (0:05:20) How SPIVA has evolved across regions, asset classes, and research dimensions (0:06:59) Controlling for survivorship bias and why it materially affects results (0:08:57) Real-world survivorship rates: ~50–60% of funds survive over 10 years (0:10:12) Core finding: most active funds underperform, especially over longer horizons (0:10:57) Comparison of equity vs. bond funds: slightly better outcomes in bonds, but still mostly underperformance (0:13:44) Structural differences in equity vs. bond markets (e.g., skewness, dispersion) (0:15:06) Typical survivorship rates across markets and how crises affect fund closures (0:16:02) Persistence analysis: past winners rarely remain winners (0:18:16) Global variation: some markets (e.g., international small caps) show slightly better active results (0:20:41) "Better" doesn't mean good: even in stronger categories, most funds still underperform (0:21:31) Do active funds perform better in down markets? Not consistently (0:23:37) Multi-asset portfolios of active funds: 97% underperform over 10 years (0:25:10) Selecting top-quartile funds improves outcomes slightly—but not meaningfully (0:26:46) Surprising findings in SPIVA and how market dynamics shape results (0:27:45) Impact of SPIVA on industry behavior and investor education (0:29:03) Ben shares how SPIVA influenced his own career path toward indexing (0:30:08) The "index effect" and whether index rebalancing creates performance drag (0:31:30) Why the index effect has largely diminished due to market competition and liquidity (0:34:05) Research on IPO inclusion and whether index rules create systematic return drag (0:36:57) How S&P handles IPO inclusion (e.g., 12-month seasoning rule for S&P 500) (0:39:58) Whether index methodology could evolve due to larger modern IPOs (0:42:36) Addressing concerns about large IPOs entering index funds (0:43:52) Historical perspective on market concentration and today's top-heavy indices (0:45:29) What happened to past top-10 companies: many declined, but markets still thrived (0:47:10) Creative destruction: why markets can succeed even when leaders fail (0:49:15) Weak relationship between market concentration and future returns (0:50:55) None of today's top companies were top companies in the 1960s (0:52:16) Key takeaway: markets evolve, and cap-weighted indices adapt automatically (0:53:58) Concerns about index fund growth and its impact on market function (0:54:30) Benefits of indexing: lower fees and often better investor outcomes (0:56:15) Timing the market: why waiting for a bigger drop tends to hurt returns (0:58:52) "Time in the market" vs. "timing the market" (0:59:09) Tim's favorite index: the DSPX dispersion index (1:00:53) Defining success: why happiness is the ultimate metric

Links:

Meet with PWL Capital: https://calendly.com/d/3vm-t2j-h3p

Rational Reminder on iTunes — https://itunes.apple.com/ca/podcast/the-rational-reminder-podcast/id1426530582. Rational Reminder on Instagram — https://www.instagram.com/rationalreminder/

Rational Reminder on YouTube — https://www.youtube.com/channel/ Benjamin Felix — https://pwlcapital.com/our-team/

Benjamin on X — https://x.com/benjaminwfelix

Benjamin on LinkedIn — https://www.linkedin.com/in/benjaminwfelix/

Cameron Passmore — https://pwlcapital.com/our-team/

Cameron on X — https://x.com/CameronPassmore

Editing and post-production work for this episode was provided by The Podcast Consultant (https://thepodcastconsultant.com)