Defining 'cold' responses and dispatch role

Listener discretion is advised.

References: Bona & Friedman. (Apr 3, 2018). Ambulance Lights and Sirens Should Only Be Used When the Benefit Outweighs the Risks. Available: https://https://www.acepnow.com/article/ambulance-lights-and-sirens-should-only-be-used-when-the-benefit-outweighs-the-risks/

NTSB Preliminary Report: Available: https://verticalavi.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Report_ERA26FA035_201974_1_21_2026-12_05_27-AM.pdf

PMID 30648537, 20845321, 11339726

Zavadasky, M. (June 2, 2025). Culture shift: Reducing lights and siren vehicle operation. Available: https://www.ems1.com/safe-transport-point-b/articles/culture-shift-reducing-lights-and-siren-vehicle-operation-XDonsygscixIghQT/