Introduction

As production of lithium ion batteries scales up and costs continue coming down, eventually the cost of batteries will fall to near the cost of the materials that compose them. Currently, the leading battery chemistry is involved cobalt, nickel, magnesium, and lithium itself. All of those minerals are currently mined and processed in socially, economically, and environmentally harmful ways. With demand rapidly expanding, supply chain shortages loom in the short to mid-term.