Critiques: Suffering, Trade, and Guilt

The hardest critiques of the cross target one version of the gospel. The earliest Christians were teaching something bigger.

For a thousand years before penal substitution became the dominant framework, the church proclaimed something wider: that God entered into death to destroy it from the inside. Irenaeus, Athanasius, and Gregory of Nyssa all described it, and their version answers the questions that trip most of us up.

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