Churn

In 'Churn,' Claude M. Steele expands on his earlier work by focusing on the situational anxiety and tension—termed 'churn'—that arises when people from different identities interact in important settings like schools and workplaces.

The book argues that this churn stems from societal stereotypes and historical contexts, producing cognitive load and distrust even among well-intentioned individuals.

Steele emphasizes trust-building, 'wiseness' (sensitive, context-aware behavior), and institutional designs that reduce ambiguity as remedies.

He provides experimental evidence and practical recommendations for leaders, educators, and organizations to lower churn and improve inclusion.

The book offers actionable tactics for creating environments where diverse participants feel seen, supported, and able to perform.